I have done the same thing for the geology theory that I have for the cosmology theory. In January I updated the cosmology theory with diagrams, which made it easier to understand. I also wrote an abbreviated version of the cosmology theory, based on the same diagrams. This is an abbreviated version of the geology theory with satellite imagery and maps. The name of the geology theory is "The Story Of Planet Earth", it is about how the earth's surface was shaped by Continental Asteroids and lines of magma emergence.
All images in this posting are from Google Earth or Google Maps, unless otherwise specified.
I use markup, usually red, to indicate the feature that I am referring to. It would, of course, be helpful if you followed along in your own atlas or Google Earth app.
My geology theory introduces a scenario that leaves no major feature of the earth's surface, either on land or on the seafloor, unexplained. This is the earth as it has never been explained before. Let's begin with the story of the theory.
In 2009 my late brother, Paul, gave me a world atlas. I had always been interested in global geography. I was a young boy, having come from England and living on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, when my parents got me an atlas to show me where we had come from. I went all through the atlas and had a good knowledge of world geography at a young age. I always had a world atlas while growing up and would look to see where a place was when it was in the news.
This atlas that I was given in 2009 was a physical geography atlas. Most of the atlases that I had before were political atlases, with each country in a different color. In this atlas the emphasis was on mountains and the elevation of the land. There were very detailed maps of the seafloor, which had only recently become available.
I had done writing about natural history, particularly about the Niagara area where I lived. There was something in the atlas that I began wondering about. It was the Szechwan (or Sichuan) Basin of southwestern China, where the cities of Chungking and Chengdu are located.
How could this basin have possibly formed? It was a vast, nearly circular, flat area with low mountains around it and much higher mountains not far away.
All images that I use in this theory are from Google Earth, Google Maps or, Google Street View. Colored markup, usually red, is used to point out the feature that I am referring to.
There was another vast basin in the world, the Congo Basin in Africa. That was easier to explain. There was hot molten rock inside the earth, known as magma. When it emerges from a volcano it is known as lava. The heat comes from the continuous decay of radioactive elements inside the earth and probably heat energy left over from the formation of the Solar System. The spin of the earth would cause magma to emerge along the equator by centrifugal force. This would spread the land above it apart and form the Congo Basin. The spin of the earth was clearly always causing magma to rise from below, and it shapes the surface of the earth. We only see it when it emerges from a point, known as a volcano.
It also became apparent that magma does not emerge only along the equator. The laws of fluid dynamics seemed to dictate that it must also emerge along longitudinal lines. The most obvious such longitudinal line of magma emergence was the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This is what causes the Atlantic Ocean seafloor to spread, which is what has pushed the eastern and western hemispheres apart. It is known that South America was once joined to southern Africa and the Appalachian Mountains were formed by a sliding collision between what was once North America and what was once Africa. Volcanic activity split it apart and the Atlas Mountains of Morocco were once part of the Appalachians. America east of the Appalachians was once part of Africa. Earthquakes along the west coast of the western hemisphere area caused by the continents being pushed against the Pacific Plate.
This is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland is formed by the ridge poking above the surface of the water and we can see the magma emergence by the frequent volcanic activity there.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is not the only longitudinal line of magma emergence. On the floor of the Indian Ocean there are two ridges that are parallel and virtually perfectly longitudinal. At left is the Chagos Llacadive Ridge and at right is the Ninety East Ridge.
What I noticed is that, if the Great Rift Valley of east Africa is actually a longitudinal line of magma emergence, then the southern portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Great Rift Valley, the Chagos Llacadive Ridge and, the Ninety East Ridge are just about evenly spaced. Magma emergence does not necessarily mean that there will be a volcano. If the emergence is smooth and even then there will be no volcano. A volcano forms when there are some special circumstances so that the magma breaks through to the surface at one point.
Then I noticed something amazing about what I had originally wondered about, the Szechwan Basin of southwestern China. There was a very broad longitudinal valley in Burma, through which the Irrawady River flowed, that looked like it might be a longitudinal line of emergence. It pointed right toward the Szechwan Basin, although there was high mountains between the two.
It became clear that there was one thing preventing these patterns of magma emergence from being more predictable. That one thing was the Pacific Plate. The earth's surface consists of twenty or so tectonic plates. I believe that they formed when the earth's surface cooled, and shrank, faster than the interior.
There is actually a longitudinal line of emergence system that extends across the world, missing land and going around the Pacific Plate. I call it the W-Line because it roughly has the form of a W. The portion to the left is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. When it meets North America, at right, it forms the Gulf of California and Central Valley.
It is the shifting of these tectonic plates, driven mostly by the spin of the earth, that causes the most powerful earthquakes. The plates are far from equal in size but by far the largest and heaviest one is the Pacific Plate, which forms the vast Pacific Ocean. As a general rule continental land masses can slide over these plates, but the Pacific Plate seems to be the exception. Magma also has more difficulty emerging through the Pacific Plate.
Another mystery about the earth soon became apparent. This was perhaps the greatest mystery of all. Where did all of these mountains come from? There are mountains all over the world but only a limited portion of them have been explained.
Mountains are explained as being the result of either tectonic collision or volcanism. Ranges of volcanic mountains, like the Apennines as opposed to a standalone volcano, tend to be low and rounded. Collision mountains, like the Alps and Himalayas, tend to be higher and with sharp peaks. If it is more of sliding collision, like the Appalachians, the mountains will be lower but there will be extensive ridges.
Any of those methods will tend to form mountains in lines. There is really no explainable reason for mountains to exist in non-linear masses.
All along east Africa are mountains, also southern Africa and Madagascar. But how could they have formed? Kilimanjaro is a standalone volcano but the rest are not volcanic and couldn't possibly be collision mountains. You can see the Congo Basin that I referred to earlier in dark green along the equator.
How about the Great Dividing Range of Australia, and also the mountains of New Zealand? These are not volcanic or collision mountains either. The Great Dividing Range looks like it just might be the result of a sliding collision, like the Appalachians, but it doesn't have the ridges and there is no evidence that Australia collided with anything on its east coast. The Great Dividing Range includes Tasmania, which has broken off.
Then we come to Antarctica. It is almost all mountains. In fact, it is by far the highest in elevation of all the continents. As a general rule the larger a continent is the higher it's average elevation. But Antarctica is about twice as high as Asia, even though it is a relatively small continent. Antarctica is a mass of mountains, completely non-linear. It is known that Antarctica was not always at the south pole but how on earth could these mountains have formed?
The greatest mass of unexplained mountains is the one that extends from Greece, through Turkey and Iran, and all across central Asia.
To add to the mysteries of these mountains we have the Caspian and Black Seas. The Caspian Sea is salt water, meaning that it must have been connected to the oceans at one time. But now it is completely cut off by these unexplained mountains, and the Black Sea is almost completely cut off. There is salt desert in Iran, meaning former seafloor that was forced upward.
Then we have the rocky islands of the far north. These are certainly not of volcanic origin so where did they come from?
There is Greenland and the rocky islands in the far north of Canada, as well as the mountains of Alaska.
There is the Scandinavian Mountains.
There is the rocky north of Siberia, such as the Taymyr Peninsula.
Where could have these rocky land masses have come from?
The general opinion about the formation of the moon is that, early in the earth's history, it was struck by an object about the size of Mars. The shattered pieces of the object were hurtled into space where they gradually coalesced by gravity to form the moon. This makes perfect sense but I had never seen it explained that some of it might have remained on earth and formed the continents.
The same side of the moon always faces earth. The dark "seas" that we see on the moon, which are actually lava plains, are only on the side of the moon facing earth. These are clearly formed from the tidal effect of the earth's gravity causing lava to flow in the distant past. But this would make it logical for the lava emergence to be concentrated along the moon's equator. You can see in the following image, from the Wikipedia article "Moon" that the "seas" are mostly in the northern hemisphere. But we do see a line of "seas", indicated by the red dots, that makes it look like what was once the equator has shifted northward.
The largest known impact crater in the Solar System is the Aitken Basin, at the moon's south pole. But what are the chances that this largest known impact crater would be right at the moon's south pole? Isn't it more likely that the impact upset the moon's rotation, by either adding or removing mass, and then the moon rebalanced it's rotation by shifting on it's axis so that one of it's poles was at the impact site? This also explains why the "seas" are mostly in the moon's northern hemisphere when they logically should have been centered along the equator.
We can see the same effect on Mars. The southern hemisphere of Mars is higher in elevation, and thus heavier, than the northern hemisphere. The only way to avoid having this unbalance the planet's rotation is to have one pole centered in the heavier hemisphere and the other in the lighter hemisphere.
This idea of "Theia" colliding with the earth and the fragments coalescing to form the moon is widely accepted. But I had never seen it used to explain the continents and this vast array of unexplained mountains. Isn't it logical that some of the mass of Theia would have remained on earth? This would explain the continents, including all of these otherwise unexplained mountains.
The continents must have come from somewhere. There is a reason for thinking that the continents must have come from outside, rather than from within the earth. Some lands are of volcanic origin, rather than continental. Some examples are Cuba, the Philippines and Japan. The continents move tectonically, driven by the spin of the earth, but the lands of volcanic origin do not. The reason is that the volcanic lands are part of the earth while the continents are additions from outside and an equilibrium hasn't quite been reached yet.
But the added mass might cause the earth to shift on it's axis, in the same way as the moon and Mars. The added continental mass wouldn't be much, relative to the mass of the earth, but being on the surface would give it more angular momentum due to the earth's rotation.
We saw above that magma naturally emerges along the equator, due to the centrifugal force of the spin of the earth and promoted by the added weight of the continents, and this has to be balanced by corresponding longitudinal lines of magma emergence. The best known line of longitudinal emergence today is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. That would change if the earth had shifted on it's axis, due to the added mass, but we might be able to see traces of former equators or longitudinal emergence lines.
What I found is that the earth has shifted on it's axis three times, due to impacts that formed the continents, and not only can we still see traces of this but it leaves no major feature of the earth's surface, either on land or the seafloor, unexplained. Instead of one "Theia" there were three separate what I call "Continental Asteroids". It is probable that "Theia" broke apart in earth orbit and struck the earth in three separate pieces, millions of years apart. This very well explains the surface of the earth that we see today.
The longitudinal lines of magma emergence converge at the poles so that we should expect to see some kind of ridge structure in the Arctic Ocean, and indeed we do.
At the bottom right of the above image you can see how a perfectly straight line of emergence extends southward from the Arctic Ocean and separates Greenland from the islands of the Canadian Arctic.
In the Arctic the ridge structure can also be seen in a line perpendicular to the one between Greenland and the islands that forms a perfectly straight line passage through the islands of the Canadian Arctic.
It is actually a branch from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that forms the channel separating Greenland from the islands of the Canadian Arctic, represented by the red line. This forms an intersection with the two other lines. Iceland is formed by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge poking above the surface of the water.
If the earth didn't have the continents where might it's poles be? Remember how the moon and Mars balance their rotation by having a pole centered on any difference in mass. We know that the Pacific Plate is by far the largest and heaviest tectonic plate. Unlike the other plates continents are not able to cross it and this is what creates the vast Pacific Ocean, which is larger than all land combined.
The usual magma emergence has difficulty getting through the Pacific Plate. It finally breaks through in places which is why the Pacific Ocean tends to have lines of small volcanic islands instead of ridges on the seafloor. Coral atolls are where coral builds up on extinct volcanoes until it reaches the surface. Magma doesn't only emerge along these longitudinal lines and the equator, but also through the gaps between the tectonic plates. The volcanic "Ring of Fire" around the Pacific Ocean is caused by the tremendous weight of the Pacific Plate forcing up magma around it's edges.
So we might expect that one of the poles of the earth before the continents were added would be right in the middle of the Pacific Plate. Since lines of magma emergence converge at the poles, as we saw in the Arctic Ocean and the Canadian Arctic above, we might expect to see a line of islands around the former pole.
Sure enough, the Hawaiian Islands are right in the center of the Pacific Plate. The magma emergence is still active today, but as lines of islands that have broken through instead of ridges because the plate is so thick. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are actually the highest mountains in the world if their underwater portion is included.
Can you believe that Hawaii was once the north pole? It is not as unusual as it might seem, we know that Antarctica was once tropical. But if Hawaii was the north pole then the corresponding south pole would be the Kalahari Basin in what is now southern Africa.
Geological processes change very slowly. Magma continues to emerge from former equators and longitudinal emergence lines long after the earth's rotation has shifted, and some emergence may still be taking place today. Magma emergence tends to form ridges if on the seafloor, or lines of islands on the Pacific Plate, but to spread land apart, forming a basin or broad valley if under land. Magma emergence may be curtailed if a heavy mass of continental mountains above it. It may break through at one point as a volcano.
So in the days before the continents the south pole was at what is now the Kalahari Basin and the north pole was at what is now Hawaii, in the center of the massive Pacific Plate to balance the earth's rotation. But then the First Continental Asteroid landed and the earth's rotation had to shift in order to balance the new mass.
The south pole moved to what we see as this ridge structure in the south Atlantic Ocean. Notice how similar it looks to the ridge structure that we saw around the Arctic Ocean.
The north pole moved to this similar ridge structure in the north Pacific Ocean. Notice how the line of mountains, which form islands if they reach the surface, extends westward from Hawaii and forms an intersection, similar to the intersection that we saw near the Arctic Ocean. This is caused by longitudinal lines of emergence converging. The prominent line at the top is the boundary of the Pacific Plate and not one of these lines of emergence.
The non-volcanic mountains and high ground of eastern and southern Africa might be a remnant of this First Continental Asteroid.
Then the Second Continental Asteroid landed and the poles had to shift again, in order to balance the added mass. The south pole shifted and formed a new ridge structure, the undersea Mascarene Ridge around Madagascar.
The high ground of the island of Madagascar may well have been part of the Second Continental Asteroid that didn't get pulled away by the spin of the earth. It is widely believed that India was once joined to Madagascar. Also I have long been intrigued by how the west coast of Australia fits perfectly with the east coast of India. This would indicate that Madagascar, India and, Australia were part of the Second Continental Asteroid.
Look at how neatly Madagascar fits with the west coast of India and Australia fits with the east coast of India, as indicated by the red dots.
When the south pole moved to the Mascarene Ridge the north pole moved to the Great Basin in the western U.S.
When magma emerges under what is now dry land it tends to pull the land apart, creating a basin, as opposed to ridges on the seafloor. This is why the Great Basin is similar to the Kalahari Basin in Africa. Some magma emergence is still going on below the Great Basin and it provides the heat for the geyser "Old Faithful", in Yellowstone National Park.
We know that the Rocky and Andes Mountains are collision mountains, formed as North and South America is pushed against the Pacific Plate by the spreading of the Atlantic seafloor from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In Canada and South America the mountains are right against the coast.
So then why are the Rocky Mountains in America so far from the coast. They formed by collision also and look very much like tectonic collision mountains. It is because they were pushed backward by continuing magma emergence from the Great Basin.
Finally the Third Continental Asteroid landed. This was by far the largest of them all. It seems to have struck the earth at a somewhat low angle. It's primary impact site was Antarctica, and this is where the south pole moved, in order to balance the added mass. This also explains why Antarctica, almost all mountains, is by far the highest in elevation of all the continents. The north pole shifted from the Great Basin to where it is now.
The mass from this Third Continental Asteroid includes the vast ranges of unexplained mountains from Greece, through Turkey and Iran, to central Asia. It also includes all of the rocky mountains and islands in the far north, from the mountains of Alaska to the islands of the Canadian Arctic, to Greenland. Again this explains how the Caspian Sea, which is salt water, ended up being separated from the global ocean, of which it must once have been a part, by a vast range of unexplained mountains.
We can trace the "trail" of the north pole as it moved from the Great Basin to it's current location. This trail begins with the Snake River Canyon, proceeding eastward.
Just look at Hudson Bay, with James Bay extending to the south. Doesn't it look like the north pole passed through with the pole within Hudson Bay and James Bay extending to the south as a longitudinal line of emergence? The pole proceeded north, forming the Foxe Basin (red dot). This left a basin that the glaciers excavated during the ice ages.
At the same time we can see the ridge structure on the sea floor (red dot) that was the trail as the south pole moved from the ridge structure around Madagascar (green dot) to the present south pole in Antarctica (purple dot).
As the poles were shifting, due to the added mass of each Continental Asteroid, the equator must have been shifting too. Magma emergence along the equator, by the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation, would form a valley on land or a ridge on the seafloor. There is a place in the world where we can see all four equators.
The first equator is before any Continental Asteroids had landed. The north pole was at Hawaii and the south pole at the Kalahari Basin.
The second equator is after the First Continental Asteroid had landed. The south pole was in the south Atlantic Ocean and the north pole was in the north Pacific Ocean.
The third equator is after the Second Continental Asteroid had landed. The south pole was the ridge structure around Madagascar and the north pole was the Great Basin of the western U.S.
The fourth, and present, equator is after the Third Continental Asteroid had landed. The poles moved to where they are now.
All four equators show up as undersea ridges off the west coast of South America. These equators are all perfectly positioned to match these sets of poles. Where the third and fourth (present) equators meet it forms the Galapagos Islands. The first equator is faint. There is a red dot on each equator.
You can see how this matches the shifting of the poles, as described above. The top image is the south pole and the bottom image is the north pole. The compass bearing is the same in both images so the "Z" that is formed is reversed.
There are two great areas of volcanoes and magma emergence in the world, where many islands have formed. These are the East Indies and the West Indies. The East Indies are around Indonesia and the West Indies are the Caribbean. Has anyone ever wondered why they are on nearly diametrically opposite sides of the world? It is because they are where all of the equators come close to meeting.
I noticed two rules concerning tectonic collisions between continental land masses.
The first rule is that such collisions occur between land masses from different Continental Asteroids. Just the fact that such collisions occur tells us that the land masses must have come from different places. Land mass from the same Continental Asteroid would have the same momentum, making collisions unlikely. The nearby Appalachians formed by a collision between what was then North America, based on the Third Continental Asteroid, and what was then Africa, based probably on the First Continental Asteroid.
The second rule concerns the flow of major rivers. The earth rotates eastward and the momentum of this spin should affect major rivers to flow either eastward or toward the equator, and most major rivers do. But the Nile and Rhine Rivers flow northward, away from the equator. The Narmada River flows westward. The Niagara River flows both northward and westward. The rule is that in order for a river to oppose the rotational momentum there must have been a tectonic collision.
There is another factor in shaping the surface of the earth and that is the impacts of comets. It is virtually certain that the water and salt on earth came from comet impacts.
How could western Europe have formed?
There is the vast range of unexplained mountains from Greece to Turkey and Iran through central Asia. But there is a gap between Greece and Turkey, which forms the Aegean Sea.
The mountains of Italy are different, lower and smoother, and there are several volcanoes. That is because Italy is of volcanic origin.
How do we get a tight loop of volcanic land with a deep sea in the middle? There is apparently nothing like this anywhere in the world. But what must have happened is simple. A comet, moving southeast, struck in what is now the Tyrrhenian Sea, causing magma to emerge that formed the land.
Then this provides an explanation of why Greece seems to have been "pulled apart" from Turkey, leaving the Aegean Sea as the gap. It was pulled apart by the force of the impact of the comet. The many islands in the Aegean Sea are the "crumbs" that were left behind.
But then this also provides an explanation for so much of Europe. The line of mountains across Iran, Turkey and, Greece had actually extended further west. It all came from the Third Continental Asteroid. The comet actually struck the line of mountains, breaking it into pieces. The pieces floated all over tectonically and make up much of Europe today.
The single largest such piece drifted tectonically northward and forms the Scandinavian Mountains.
On the east side of the Adriatic Sea the line of mountains from Asia seems to continue, but at an angle of about 45 degrees. This is also explainable due to the impact of the comet.
Various other pieces of this line of mountains, which I refer to as the Original Impact Line, drifted around tectonically, forcing up seafloor between them and creating the land of Europe. These include the Massif Central of France, the Balearic Islands, Corsica and Sardinia.
Ireland is composed of several such pieces and the former seafloor that they have forced up between them.
These broken pieces of the Original Impact Line can get caught on longitudinal lines of magma emergence. Notice how Sardinia and Corsica form a perfectly straight north-south line. Have you ever thought that Britain, in terms of geology, looks like a jumble of pieces that don't quite fit together? That's exactly what it is.
Broken pieces of the Original Impact Line got caught on a longitudinal line of emergence. Notice that the Pennine Mountains of northern England form a straight line with the Contentin Peninsula of northern France.
Volcanic land mass usually doesn't move tectonically because it came naturally out of the earth. Italy, although it is volcanic, did move tectonically, for the same reason that the continents do, it was imposed from outside by the comet impact. Italy collided with Europe to form the Alps. It also displaced a section of the Pennines westward to form the Cambrian (Welsh) Mountains. I find it likely that the Rhine and Rhone Rivers were once one river until severed by this impact.
How did the straight line across northern Scotland, known as Glen Mor, form? A piece of the Original Impact Line fractured as it collided with the longitudinal emergence line that forms the Pennines.
Could this comet impact in the Tyrrhenian Sea, that so shaped the surface of the earth have occurred anywhere else? What about the Sea of Japan? We have a very similar situation except that there are no shattered pieces of the Original Impact Line. Japan is volcanic while nearby Korea is not. How did a very mountainous peninsula like Korea come to be? A comet impact in the Sea of Japan caused a lot of magma to emerge, forming Japan. It tore a mountainous section away from the mainland, forming Korea. The Sea of Japan is congruent to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Japan is congruent to Italy. Korea is congruent to Greece. The Yellow Sea is congruent to the Aegean Sea.
EXAMPLES OF HOW THIS THEORY WORKS
The remainder of this posting is a few examples of how this theory works.
Look at how the Red Sea forms a straight line with the Mascarene Ridge structure around Madagascar. That's because what is now the Red Sea began as a longitudinal line of emergence in the previous polar era.
The Red Sea is actually still a longitudinal line of emergence in the present polar era because the Great Rift Valley Links to it and the Red Sea is still widening.
The Indus Valley of Pakistan also forms a straight line with this ridge structure around Madagascar and began as a longitudinal line of emergence in the previous polar era.
The axis of the Caspian Sea also leads directly to this ridge structure around Madagascar.
The Narmada Valley across India, through which the river of that name flows, was once the equator when the equator was shifting to it's present position. Notice that it forms a straight line with the Gulf of Aden, which leads to the Red Sea.
There is a bulge on the west coast of Mexico that is composed of the mountain range Sierra Madre Del Sur. It begins at Puerto Vallarta, in the north, and continues past Acapulco. This bulge is at the same latitude and is the same length and width as Cuba. We know that Cuba is of magma emergence origin but Mexico is part of the continent that is moving westward as the Atlantic seafloor widens along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Doesn't it look like Mexico picked up the former Cuba but then Cuba formed again after Mexico had passed?
Why is Venice sinking? Has anyone ever noticed that the axis of the Adriatic Sea forms a line with the axis of the Red Sea? That's because it was part of the same longitudinal line of emergence in the previous polar era. The Po Valley, across northern Italy, was part of the equator in that era. There is still some emergence going on in both and this spreads the land apart. Venice is right at the intersection of the two and that is why it is sinking.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a longitudinal line of emergence in the present polar era. But it is composed of several different lines.
Section 1 is a former equator from two polar eras ago, after the First Continental Asteroid. It forms a line with the Nazca Ridge, extending from the west coast of South America, which we saw was the third equator.
Section 2 forms a line with Cuba in one direction, which continues on to the Great Basin, and forms a line with the ridge structure around Madagascar in the other direction.
Section 3 is the magma emergence along the present equator. There is the Amazon Basin on one side and the Congo Basin on the other. Lake Victoria is also along this line and equatorial magma emergence explains why a lake of such high elevation could be the second largest lake in the world.
Tambora was the titanic volcano eruption in 1815 that affected the whole world. Notice how the Strait of Malacca, which is perfectly positioned to be a former equator points directly to it. Tambora is where the present and former equators meet, an ideal place for a volcano.
Manhattan Island is much longer than it is wide. Notice that the ratio of it's length to it's width is just about exactly the same as the ratio of the width of the East River to that of the Harlem River. Also that neither river really serves any hydrologic function, meaning that it wouldn't have been formed by flowing water. And how did the island in the middle of the East River form? The answer is that Lake Champlain and the Hudson River occupy a longitudinal line of magma emergence, Manhattan is the result of magma emergence and the two rivers are cooling channels, formed when Manhattan cooled and shrank. The red dot is Manhattan, the upper purple dot is the Harlem River, the lower purple dot is the East River.
When a line of magma emergence runs beneath rocks from a Continental Asteroid it typically pulls the land apart to form three parallel peninsulas. Here are four examples. From top- the Peloponessus in southern Greece, near the Greek city of Thessaloniki, southwestern Ireland, Canada's Baffin Island.
This is the earth like it has never been explained before.
