It is generally considered that the operation of the universe revolves around four basic forces. Gravity runs the universe on a large scale. Electromagnetism holds the oppositely charged particles in atoms together and forms electromagnetic waves. The Strong Nuclear Force binds quarks together into protons and neutrons and those together into atomic nuclei. The Weak Nuclear Force is involved in radioactive decay, where an unstable nucleus emits particles or radiation in order to attain a more stable state.
The least important to us of the four is certainly the Weak Nuclear Force. The ordinary fusion process in stars only goes as far as iron. A star is born when enough mass is pulled together by it's mutual gravity to overcome the electron repulsion that keeps atoms separate and crunch smaller atoms into larger ones. But the new larger atom has less internal energy than the ones that were crunched together to form it. The excess energy is released as radiation and that is why stars shine. As time goes on, successively heavier elements are being crunched together by the fusion. This means that more energy per time is being released and this upsets the equilibrium of the star. The largest stars will eventually explode in a supernova. The tremendous amount of energy released by a supernova fuses together atoms that wouldn't ordinarily be fused together and this is how all elements heavier than iron are formed. This is why elements heavier than iron are exponentially less common than iron and lighter elements.
But some of these new heavier elements that were forced together by the energy released by the supernova are less-than-stable, and gradually release particles or radiation in order to attain a more stable state. These emissions are known as radioactivity and are governed by the Weak Nuclear Force.
The forces work against each other. It is as if gravity and the Strong Nuclear Force team up against electromagnetism and the Weak Nuclear Force. The Strong Nuclear Force overcomes electromagnetism to bind atomic nuclei together against mutually repulsive electric charges. A star is born when gravity can overcome electromagnetism and force atoms together against the mutual repulsion of electrons. The Weak Nuclear Force overcomes the Strong Nuclear Force to emit particles or radiation but only from large and unstable atoms that have been forced together by the energy released by a supernova. This could be why there is a theory that joins electromagnetism and the Weak Nuclear Force together.
The stronger a force is, the shorter the distance over which it operates. The Strong Nuclear Force, as the name implies, is extremely powerful but operates only over extremely short distances. This is what limits the size of stable atomic nuclei. Electromagnetism, such as which binds electrons to atomic nuclei, is weaker but has a much longer range.
Gravity, by comparison, is an exceedingly weak force. A small magnet, using the electromagnetic force, can lift a piece of steel against the gravity of the entire earth. If the two largest ships in the world were docked side-by-side, there would be only about one kg of gravity between them. But yet it's gravity that governs the universe on a large scale, because it has unlimited range.
This has led me to wonder if all the basic forces are really manifestations of the same thing, with the fundamental force being electromagnetism. Just like a lever exchanges force for distance, and we can change the distance by grasping the lever at different points.
But I see a fifth basic force.
There is no energy in the basic forces themselves, they only direct energy. Whenever there is energy we can see which basic forces are involved. If we throw a ball up in the air, so that it comes back down with force, we are just getting the energy back that we put into the ball in the first place, as redirected by gravity.
The energy released by nuclear fission, the splitting of atoms, comes from the Strong Nuclear Force. The energy released by fusion would also include electromagnetism, because there is energy in the orbitals of the electrons that are crunched into protons to form neutrons.
Radioactive decay, driven by the Weak Nuclear Force, releases energy and this is where geothermal energy and the energy released by volcanoes comes from. The energy from the decay of radioactive elements within the earth builds up as heat.
Now here is a question.
We can see how energy is governed by the basic forces and, with any manifestation of energy, it can be explained which forces were involved. But what about the energy released in a matter-antimatter reaction? If equal amounts of matter and antimatter are reacted together, a fantastic amount of energy is released and both the matter and antimatter vanishes. Antimatter is the same as matter, but with the electrical charges reversed. Positively-charged positrons are in orbitals around a negatively-charged nucleus.
Gravity or the Weak Nuclear Force couldn't have anything to do with it. The Strong Nuclear Force just holds together quarks into nucleons and then nucleons into nuclei, so that couldn't be behind the energy released in a matter-antimatter reaction in which all of the matter and antimatter vanishes including electrons. The electromagnetic force isn't anywhere near as strong as the Strong Nuclear Force and a matter-antimatter reaction releases far more energy per mass than even a nuclear reaction, so that couldn't be behind it.
None of our basic forces can govern the energy released in a matter-antimatter reaction. This can only mean that there must be a fifth basic force. In my cosmology theory everything, both space and matter, is composed of near-infinitesimal negative and positive electric charges. The basic rule of the charges is that opposite charges attract while like charges repel.
The lowest energy state is a checkerboard of alternating negative and positive charges in multiple dimensions, and that is what empty space is. Energy can overcome the mutual repulsion to hold like charges together and this is how particles, such as electrons, are formed. It is why the fundamental particles, electrons and protons, have electric charges. This energy that holds like charges together to form matter is what gives matter it's mass and this is what we refer to as the Mass-Energy Equivalence. It is described by Einstein's famous formula, E = MC squared.
It also means that there must be a Fifth Force governing this energy, since none of the other forces can account for it. The energy is released if matter and antimatter is reacted together, and the component electric charges rearrange themselves into the alternating checkerboard pattern of empty space. The energy that is released then goes to opposing the attractive force between opposite charges in space, which is what electromagnetic waves are and why a matter-antimatter reaction emits a burst of such waves.
This is by far the most powerful of the basic forces and, as we should expect, operates only over by far the shortest distances, between the individual electric charges that comprise space. This fits with what we saw above, that the more powerful the force the shorter the distance over which it operates.
As it is generally seen now the Strong Nuclear Force is, as the name implies, the strongest of the four basic forces but it operates only over extremely short distances, within nucleons and joining nucleons together into the nucleus. But this is not the shortest possible distance. The shortest practical distance is considered to be Planck's Length, and it shows up in a number of physics formula.
So wouldn't it make sense that there should be a basic force that operates only over the very shortest distances? Shouldn't every distance scale have it's own force? As it is now there is a "distance gap" that has no basic force of it's own.
If there was such a force that operated only over the very shortest distances then it should be by far the strongest of the forces. This is exactly what this Fifth Force is. It operates on the scale of the fundamental electric charges, which is where Planck's Length comes from.
I see electromagnetism as the most basic force. This Fifth Force overcomes electromagnetism to bind like charges together, against their mutual repulsion, to create the fundamental charged particles of matter, such as electrons. The two basic rules of electric charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. This Fifth Force overcomes the repulsive force so that it must leave a net attractive force involving matter. This net attractive force is what we refer to as gravity. So this Fifth Force actually creates gravity.
What is interesting is that each of the basic forces is mediated by a particle. Electromagnetism by photons, the Strong Nuclear Force by gluons, and the Weak Nuclear Force by W and Z Bosons. But what about gravity? It is theoretically mediated by "gravitons", but none have ever been detected. Could it be because gravity is actually a manifestation of this Fifth Force?
The energy directed by this Fifth Force, holding like electric charges together against their mutual repulsion to form the charged particles of matter, comes from the radiation released during the Big Bang. This is electromagnetic radiation so that this Fifth Force is also mediated by photons. This indeed makes it look like Electromagnetism is the most basic force and that both this Fifth Force and Gravity are manifestations of it.
An abbreviated version of the cosmology theory is "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams", January 2024.
No comments:
Post a Comment