The Mystery Of Spin, Part Two*

This is more of what we saw in Part One, last week, but explained in a different way. This has also been added to the compound posting on this blog about the cosmology theory, "The Theory Of Stationary Space".

One of the great mysteries that has perplexed so many science students involves the spin of particles. Some particles have a spin of 1, but other have a spin of 1 / 2. A spin of 1 / 2 means that the particle has to spin twice to get back to the original configuration. It is well-illustrated by cords attached to a rotating cube in each of it's three dimensions.

Because there are two possible configurations of the cables in each of the dimensions, left up and right down or vice-versa, and neither configuration is specified, it must alternate between the two configurations with each rotation. That means that the cube has to spin twice to get back to the original configuration. We express this as the cube having a spin of 1 / 2.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-%C2%BD#/media/File:Spin_One-Half_(Slow).gif

But there are other particles that only have to spin once to get back to the original configuration.

This is neatly explained by the cosmology theory. The matter from the Big Bang was thrown across four dimensions of space. We can see three of the four, the other we perceive as time. This is because what we see as particles of matter, which have the spin of 1 / 2, are actually strings in four dimensional space. We see them as particles in three-dimensional space because our consciousness moves along the bundles of strings comprising our bodies and brains, at what we perceive as the speed of light, and we can only see in perpendicular directions one moment at a time.

This mystery of particle spin is all a simple matter of these four dimensions. In my cosmological theory, matter consists of one-dimensional strings of like electric charges, held together against the usual like-charge repulsion by energy. When this rotates what is happening is that the points on it's surface are moving in a perpendicular direction to the direction of alignment of the string. This means that the rotation, as we perceive it, of the one-dimensional string involves two dimensions.

But there are four dimensions of space. The rotation, or spin, of the string of matter involves only two of these dimensions. Two is half of four and that is why the string, as the particle as we perceive it, has a spin of 1 / 2. How much simpler could it be?

Everything that is spinning has a spin of 1 from it's own perspective. The only way that it could be seen differently is from the perspective of the surrounding space, and it would only be different if there were somehow a different number of dimensions involved, and there would only be a different number of dimensions involved if this cosmological theory of mine is correct.

Something cannot be seen as having a spin of 1 as seen in four dimensions if the spin only involves two dimensions. It will have to spin twice to get back to the original configuration. This is not true from it's own perspective but only from the perspective of the surrounding dimensions of space.

The particles, as we see them, that have the spin of 1 / 2 are the particles of matter, the leptons and hadrons that are collectively known as fermions. But there are other particles that have a spin of 1, these are known as bosons. The best-known boson is a photon, a "particle" of light.

All electromagnetic radiation is waves. Individual waves must have two dimensions because they have two components, wavelength (or frequency) and amplitude. But it is often said that light has a particle nature as well as a wave nature. What happens is that the only way we can receive light or other electromagnetic radiation is through it's interaction with electrons which, in my cosmological theory, are one-dimensional strings. This interaction means the electron, in our eyes or instruments, absorbing the energy of one of the two dimensions of the electron. This leaves the other dimension of the light wave as what we see as a one-dimensional particle, similar in form to a particle like an electron.

In this cosmological theory everything, both space and matter, is composed of near-infinitesimal negative and positive electric charges. Space is an alternating checkerboard of negative and positive in multiple dimensions, since the basic rules of the charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. But a concentration of like charges can be held together by energy, and that is what strings of matter are. Energy is equivalent to mass, as pointed out by Einstein, and the energy holding the like charges of matter together is the familiar Mass-Energy Equivalence.

Electromagnetic waves do not have this mass because they are energy, not holding a concentration of like charges together like matter, but a disturbance in the alternating checkerboard pattern of negative and positive electric charges of empty space. The waves are not actually electromagnetic but they seem to be because they disturb the otherwise perfectly alternating pattern of electric charges in space. These charges comprising space usually balance out to zero but the underlying electromagnetism is exposed by the disturbing action of the wave.

But this means that while fundamental strings of matter are a concentration of a single electric charge, either positive or negative, the photons contain both electric charges although not in the perfectly alternating checkerboard pattern of empty space. The dimensions of space are composed of electric charges.

So this means that a one-dimensional string of matter is one charge moving in one perpendicular dimension as it spins. While a one-dimensional remnant of an electromagnetic wave is two charges moving in one perpendicular dimension as it spins. Again, each spin thus involves two dimensions.

The math is simple. Two dimensions x one electric charge = 2. Two dimensions x two electric charges = 4. We can multiply electric charges by dimensions because dimensions of space are themselves composed of electric charges.

There are four dimensions of space involved. For matter, 4 / 2 = 2. For photons, or other bosons, 4 / 4 = 1. So particles of matter seem to have to spin twice to get back to the original configuration while bosons only have to spin once.

Consider the example of a square. We are aware that the square is two-dimensional so that we can go from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner in one movement. But suppose that there was someone who could be aware of only one dimension. They could not cross the square diagonally as we did. They would have to go along one side of the square to the corner, and then along the perpendicular side of the square from there to get to where we are. We would require only one movement to cross the square, but they would require two.

That is what particles are like with regard to rotation. The dimensions within which the particles, actually strings in four dimensions, rotate are composed of electric charges. Bosons contain both electric charges while matter particles contain only one or the other. That is why rotating bosons only have to spin once to get back to the same original configuration while particles of matter have to spin twice.