There are four basic forces that govern the universe. These are gravity, electromagnetism, the Strong Nuclear Force and the Weak Nuclear Force. What I notice is that each starts out with what we could call four "points" but then arranges the points in different ways. Let's start with electromagnetism and gravity.
THE INVERSE SQUARE LAW FOR ELECTROMAGNETISM AND GRAVITY
Has anyone ever noticed that both light, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and gravity operate by the Inverse Square Law, but that the two cannot be directly compared? The Inverse Square Law simply means that, if an object is twice as far away, it will have only one-quarter of the brightness, apparent angular diameter or, gravitational force.
But yet light and gravity, with regard to the Inverse Square law, simply do not compare directly. I find that gravity is cumulative, but light is not, and that is why the two operate by different rules within the Inverse Square Law. The force of gravity links to the structure of the entire universe, while the intensity of light does not. This reveals a lot about how the universe operates.The gravitational effect of massive objects are stronger than is to be expected, if we used the same logic as with the rules governing light. The larger the object, the more out of proportion is the gravity. The gravity of a massive object includes it's orbital energy and gravitational attractions to further gravitational nodes to which that object is connected, and which extend throughout the entire universe.
Consider that, from earth, the sun and moon appear as about the same angular size in the sky. The moon is 2.4 times as dense as the sun. If gravity operated in the same way as light, with regard to the Inverse Square Law, then the force of the moon's gravity on earth would be 2.4 times that of the sun.
Yet, the reality is that the gravitational force of the sun on the earth is 169 times that of the moon.
Now, suppose that there was an observer on the moon. The earth would appear in the sky as having four times the angular diameter of the sun. The earth is also more dense than the sun, 3.37 times as dense. Using the same logic as with light, this should mean that the earth's gravitational effect on the moon should be 13.48 times that of the sun.
Yet, this is not the case. The sun's gravitational effect on the moon is actually 2.08 times that of the earth. The sun is 400 times as far from the moon as the earth. using the Inverse Square Law, 400 squared is 160,000. but the sun is 333,000 times the mass of the earth, and 333,000 / 160,000 = 2.08.
Very clearly, although both gravity and light operate by the same Inverse Square Law there are great differences between the two which require special explanation. My conclusion is that gravity is cumulative throughout the universe, while light is not.
CUBE ROOT FOR GRAVITY
What I have found is that the differences in gravity, with regard to the Inverse Square Law, is proportional to the cube root of the difference in mass. This is what makes the behavior of gravity different from that of light, even though both operate by the same Inverse Square Law. When the gravitational effect of a larger object is compared to that of a smaller object, as seen from a third object, the larger object will have a gravitational force out of proportion to the rules of light by an amount equal to the cube root of the relative masses of the larger and the smaller distant objects.
If A x A x A = B, then A is the cube root of B. Cube means three because a cube has three dimensions that are multiplied together to get it's volume. The cube root of 27 is 3 because 3 x 3 x 3 = 27.
The reason that we use the cube root of the mass difference between objects in space of different mass, rather than the direct mass difference itself, is that the massive object is more linked by it's stronger gravity to the branches of the universal gravitational structure. The mass proportional difference between the two distant objects is reduced to it's cube root because outside gravity from the galactic center acts on all three objects. The sun has a gravitational relationship with the center of the galaxy, which is in turn linked to our Local Group of galaxies, which is linked by gravity to the spurs and filaments making up the structure of the entire universe.
Let's have a look at an example, the effect of the sun's gravity on the earth relative to that of the moon.
What I have found is that the differences in gravity, with regard to the Inverse Square Law, is proportional to the cube root of the difference in mass. This is what makes the behavior of gravity different from that of light, even though both operate by the same Inverse Square Law. When the gravitational effect of a larger object is compared to that of a smaller object, as seen from a third object, the larger object will have a gravitational force out of proportion to the rules of light by an amount equal to the cube root of the relative masses of the larger and the smaller distant objects.
If A x A x A = B, then A is the cube root of B. Cube means three because a cube has three dimensions that are multiplied together to get it's volume. The cube root of 27 is 3 because 3 x 3 x 3 = 27.
The reason that we use the cube root of the mass difference between objects in space of different mass, rather than the direct mass difference itself, is that the massive object is more linked by it's stronger gravity to the branches of the universal gravitational structure. The mass proportional difference between the two distant objects is reduced to it's cube root because outside gravity from the galactic center acts on all three objects. The sun has a gravitational relationship with the center of the galaxy, which is in turn linked to our Local Group of galaxies, which is linked by gravity to the spurs and filaments making up the structure of the entire universe.
Let's have a look at an example, the effect of the sun's gravity on the earth relative to that of the moon.
The sun is 27 million times the mass of the moon. The cube root of 27 million is 300. The moon is 2.4 times the density of the sun, and the two are about the same angular size in the sky. 300 / 2.4 = 125, yet we know that the sun's gravitational force on the earth is 169 times that of the moon.
The reason that the sun's gravitational effect on earth, relative to the moon, is somewhat more than 125 is that the earth is a concentrated point as seen from the sun, while it has an angular diameter of about 2 degrees as seen from the moon. This makes the sun's gravitational pull on the earth relatively more concentrated than that of the moon, because it is less dispersed.
Another factor why 169 is more than 125 is that since the moon is also in the sun's gravitational field, and the sun's gravity on the moon is stronger than the earth's gravity, the sun's gravitational force on the earth is also acting through the moon, although pointing toward the sun and not toward the moon.
That is what I mean by gravity being cumulative. The moon's gravitational force on the earth does not act through the sun in the same way because the distance from moon to sun, and back to earth, is so great and the moon's mass is so utterly insignificant, relative to that of the sun.
CONCLUSION ABOUT GRAVITY AND LIGHT
The cumulative gravity of the entire universe is why it does not operate by the same rules as light. This is why the sun and moon appear as about the same size in the sky, the moon is actually 2.4 times the density of the sun, yet the sun's gravitational effect on the earth is 169 times that of the moon. The sun's greater mass gives it a stronger link to outside gravity, the center of the galaxy, and this outside gravity acts through the sun. The directional alignments of the earth, sun and, moon with center of the gravity matter little. The effect of the sun's gravity is proportional to only the cube root of the mass difference because the earth, moon and sun are three objects and all are ultimately under the gravitational effects of the center of the galaxy.
Light, unlike gravity, is not cumulative and so the two operate by different rules, even though they both operate by the Inverse Square Law.
The cumulative gravity of the entire universe is why it does not operate by the same rules as light. This is why the sun and moon appear as about the same size in the sky, the moon is actually 2.4 times the density of the sun, yet the sun's gravitational effect on the earth is 169 times that of the moon. The sun's greater mass gives it a stronger link to outside gravity, the center of the galaxy, and this outside gravity acts through the sun. The directional alignments of the earth, sun and, moon with center of the gravity matter little. The effect of the sun's gravity is proportional to only the cube root of the mass difference because the earth, moon and sun are three objects and all are ultimately under the gravitational effects of the center of the galaxy.
Light, unlike gravity, is not cumulative and so the two operate by different rules, even though they both operate by the Inverse Square Law.
GRAVITY WITH ONE POINT, ELECTROMAGNETISM WITH TWO
Gravity is always an attractive force, it attracts matter together. There is no such thing as repulsive gravity. We could thus say that gravity starts with one point.
Electromagnetism, in contrast, has both an attractive and a repulsive element. This is because there are negative and positive electric charges. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel. We could thus say that electromagnetism starts with two points.
Now suppose that each basic force had a total of four points. This explains why gravitational strength ultimately operates by the cube root of the mass, even though it falls off with distance by the square root. The strength of electromagnetic radiation, in contrast, operates always by the square root. Gravity is affected by the depth of the mass of an object while electromagnetic radiation is affected only by it's surface.
Gravity, starting with one point, has three points left. That is why it's strength operates by the cube root. Cube means three and it has three points left. Electromagnetism, starting with two points, has two points left. That is why it's strength operates by the square root. Square means two and it has two points left.
THE STRONG AND WEAK NUCLEAR FORCES
What about another of the basic forces, the Strong Nuclear Force? This is the force that operates only within the nucleus of an atom. It is the force that first binds quarks together into protons and neutrons, and then binds those together into the nucleus.
The Strong Nuclear Force is more complex than gravity or electromagnetism. It operates by a system that scientists call Quantum Chromodynamics. This means color, although the colors are representative and not real colors.
Each quark has a color although not, of course, a real color. The quarks combine with other quarks in such a way that their colors add up to zero, or colorless. The color of each quark can change. Quarks receive and emit gluons, which are the messenger bosons of the Strong Nuclear Force. Gluons also have colors and a gluon can change the color of a quark that receives it.
Quarks can combine to form composite particles, called hadrons, but only as long as it causes their colors to cancel out, or sum to zero. Antiquarks, the antimatter equivalent of quarks, have their own colors, known as anti colors.
Quarks have partial electric charges. An up quark has a charge of + 2/3 and a down quark has a charge of - 1/3. Two up quarks and a down quark make a proton, with a net charge of +1. Two down quarks and an up quark make a neutron, with a net charge of zero. But this fits as part of Quantum Chromodynamics.
The three colors for matter are defined as red, green and, blue, with the three together summing to zero. Antimatter has it's three anti colors, with a color and it's anticolor summing to zero. This makes possible three quarks or antiquarks coming together to form protons, neutrons and their antimatter counterparts. It also makes possible a quark and antiquark of the opposite color combining to form a meson.
But what is important here is that the number of colors in Quantum Chromodynamics is three. The Strong Nuclear Force is not known to operate by the Inverse Square Law, as gravity and electromagnetism does. Rather it operates by the one-dimensional exchange of gluons. The range of the Strong Nuclear Force is extremely short, only within the nucleus of an atom.
What do you notice here? The three colors plus the one-dimensional exchange of gluons equals our four points. Just like gravity and electromagnetism the Strong Nuclear Force conforms to the four points.
The other basic force is the Weak Nuclear Force. This force is involved in the radioactive breakdown in heavy atoms that are less-than-stable. But the Weak Force has been linked to electromagnetism in the so-called "Electroweak Theory". It is believed to have separated from electromagnetism when the temperature in the early universe dropped below a certain point.
Just as the three colors, of Quantum Chromodynamics, are used to represent the Strong Nuclear Force, so these four points can be used to represent all of the basic forces. Each of the forces has four points but arranges them in it's own way with regard to the number of elements in the force and how it operates across space.
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