Electromagnetic waves, including light, are illustrated as a sine wave, starting at zero, reaching a peak in one direction, going back to zero, reaching a peak in the opposite direction, and then going back to zero before starting over again. The overall energy level of the wave is .707 of the peak value, which is the square root of one-half. But this is just a graph of the energy of the wave.
In my cosmology theory, empty space consists of an alternating checkerboard of negative and positive electric charges in multiple dimensions. The charges originated with a single electric charge and multiplied by each charge inducing opposite charges next to it, moving from top to bottom in the diagram below. The reason that there are two opposite directions in each dimension of space is that space consists of two electric charges.
The basic rules of the electric charges is that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. This is because the charges are actually oblong bits of information, with negative and positive aligned perpendicular to each other. This is why the dimensions of space form right angles. The length of one charge is the nearly-infinitesimal Planck's Length, which is why it shows up in all manner of physics formula. Image from Google Street View.
Energy can, to some extent, overcome the basic rules of the electric charges. When it overcomes the repulsive force between like charges, we get matter. This diagram shows a negative charge in red and a positive charge in blue. At the bottom is what a string of negative charges would look like, which might be an electron and would have to be held together by energy.
A brick wall, with the bricks all aligned in the same direction, is the way the electric charges composing matter are arranged. The mortar represents the energy holding the like charges, whether negative or positive, together against their mutual repulsion. The energy is what gives matter it's mass and is what we refer to as the Mass-Energy Equivalence. If matter and antimatter are reacted together, the charges rearrange back into the alternating checkerboard pattern of empty space and the energy is released as a fantastic burst of radiation.
Matter must be these one-dimensional strings and we know that electromagnetic waves are two-dimensional because they have two perpendicular components, amplitude and wavelength (which can be expressed as frequency). We also see that waves are two-dimensional, rather than three, because the waves exert force on electrons. If we lower the wavelength, which is higher energy, it will push more electrons but will not push them with any more force. If we make the light brighter, increasing the amplitude, it will push the electrons with more force but will not push any additional electrons. This shows that light must consist of two-dimensional waves.
When matter is converted to electromagnetic radiation the mass of the matter is lost because the radiation has no mass. But the mass, which is energy expressed as the Mass-Energy Equivalence, must have gone somewhere. What has happened is that it has become the second dimension of the electromagnetic wave. This shows that matter must consist of one-dimensional strings, as explained in my cosmology theory.
Image from Google Street View.
We inhabit four dimensions of space, one of which we perceive as time. Since like charges are all aligned in the same direction, matter consists of very long strings. We perceive these strings as charged particles, such as electrons, because we can only see in three of the four dimensions. The dimension that we perceive as time is the one along which the strings are primarily aligned.
This provides a neat explanation of gravity because, if the two rules of the electric charges are equal, and the repulsive force between like charges is overcome by energy, there must be a net attractive force associated with matter. There is indeed a net attractive force and it is what we refer to as gravity.
When energy overcomes the attractive force between opposite charges, it creates electromagnetic waves. The waves are so-called because they disturb the electric charge balance of empty space, which ordinarily balances out to zero. But there is a range of positions by which the attractive force between opposite charges can be overcome, unlike with the overcoming of the repulsive force, and the wave must cycle through all possible positions with each wave, relative to the wave's amplitude and wavelength, which is why it forms the sine wave.
The wave starts in the zero energy position, with the two charges perfectly perpendicular.
One of the charges, let's call it the positive although the names are entirely arbitrary, leans away from the perpendicular to a peak lean, depending on the amplitude of the wave.
Then the positive charge returns to the zero, perfectly perpendicular, position.
Now the negative charge leans, exactly the same amount as the positive charge had.
Until it returns to the zero position. This is the completion of one wave cycle.
One of the two charges is always in this zero position, or else a wave would form a detached block of space which it doesn't. There can be many such leans at once, so that the same intersection of electric charges can accommodate many different electromagnetic waves, of all different wavelengths and coming from different directions.
It must be emphasized that these electric charges are nearly infinitesimal in length, what we refer to as Planck's Length which is why it shows up in physics formulas. The wavelengths, in contrast, are extremely long by comparison. Long radio waves, for example, might have a wavelength of a kilometer. This means that the lean of each charge is extremely, extremely slight and this is why waves can exist in the same space without interference unless they are of the same wavelength.
This is actually just the way that we perceive electromagnetic waves, because our consciousness is moving along the bundles of strings comprising our bodies and brains at what we perceive as the speed of light. Electromagnetic waves are actually permanent and stationary ripples in space, at right angles to the dimension that we perceive as time.
What this means is that the "leaning" of each of the two electric charges must actually "expand" space. This explains neatly and simply why space is expanding, with no need of the mysterious "dark energy" which has been contrived to explain why the universe is expanding but which no one can seem to find. This shows how "dark energy" is actually light, and other electromagnetic radiation.
Matter and electromagnetic radiation can be exchanged, the only rule being that the total displacement of electric charges in space must be conserved. But in practice the exchange is one-way, favoring radiation over matter. This is because of antimatter. When electromagnetic radiation is condensed into matter it forms one particle of matter and one of antimatter, known as Pair Production. But the two soon mutually annihilate back into radiation.
An abbreviated version of the cosmology theory is in "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams", January 2024.
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