Thursday, July 2, 2026

Introduction To This Blog System

                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Image used by permission

Postings may be later combined into a compound posting on this blog. Many of the postings concern my observations in various branches of science, but there are also many on technology, religion, economics and, general world issues.

I would really like to thank everyone who reads any of these blogs for your interest.
 
SCIENCE WRITING
 
Most of the postings on this blog are visits to various places around the world, and articles about such topics as history and religion. But much of the writing is about science. I do not write about what is already known but only if I can write something new, or at least a new way of looking at things.
 
If you would like a quick background in the science and mathematics that everyone should really know in the 21st Century, the posting "Scientific Literacy" provides this in about a hundred paragraphs. Similarly, "The Way Things Work" provides a quick background in everyday technology.
 
I am a Christian and I want to show that belief in God is not unscientific at all. I was interested in science long before I was interested in religion, and have never had any trouble believing that God created everything.
 
There are five major scientific theories, each arranged in the form of a textbook. The first four of the following five are on this blog.
 
"The Theory Of Stationary Space" is my cosmological theory of how so much revolves around time being explained by us being in four-dimensional space, with the dimension that we cannot access being perceived as time. This is my version of string theory, with matter actually being strings in four dimensions rather than particles in three dimensions. Everything is ultimately based on negative and positive electric charges, with energy being able to overcome the laws of attraction and repulsion of electric charges. No one has ever explained exactly what time is, and a myriad of explanations of other things fall right into place around it.
 
"The Flow Of Information Through The Universe" is about how so much can be explained by seeing how there is a limited amount of information, and it must be the same information that constructs the highest levels as the lowest levels. A ready example is how the orbits of planets around the sun is based on the orbitals of electrons around the nucleus, in the atoms of which the sun and planets are composed. This concept is extremely useful because, understanding this, we can study things that we cannot directly see by analyzing things that we can see because all must be built on the same information.
 
"The Theory Of Complexity" is about what information actually is, how energy and information is really the same thing, and how we see the universe as we do because of our perspective of being at a higher level of information than our inanimate surroundings.
 
"The Lowest Information Point" is about how, since information and energy is really the same thing and the universe always seeks the lowest energy state, it also always seeks the "Lowest Information Point". So much is explained by how the universe prefers equalities to inequalities and related ratios where the numerator of one ratio is also the denominator of the other. This explains so much from why dust particles are as big as they to why the planets and stars are the scale that they are.
 
"The Story Of Planet Earth", on the geology blog, is about how virtually every major feature of the earth's surface, both on land and seafloor, can be explained by lines of magma emergence from below that were affected by the landing of three Continental Asteroids. Many people believe that land originated from a past "super-continent", but there is no explanation of where it came from.
 
There are a few of what we could call "minor" theories, where there is not as much written as with the major theories. On this blog, there is "How Biology And Human Life Fits Into Cosmology". On the meteorology and biology blog, there is my theory of the nature of water, "Water Made Really Simple".
 
There are compound postings about science which are groupings of writing about a certain topic.
 
Scientific compound postings include, "Computer Science", "Atomic Science", "Measurement", "A Celebration Of The Inverse Square Law", "Our Solar System", "Mind-Bending Cosmology", "The Configuration Of The Solar System Made Really Simple", "In Appreciation Of Electrons", "The Science Of Human Society " and "Orbital And Escape Velocities And Impacts from Space".
 
Compound postings about history and the world include "The House Of Holy Wisdom, Where The Modern World Began", "Niagara Stories", "Economics", "How History Repeats Itself", "The Meaning Of Freedom", "The Western Hemisphere", "Our Language" and, "America And The Modern World Explained By Way Of Paris".
 
There are two compound postings about prophecies and the Bible. There is "The Aztec Prophecy" than, for prophecies that are directly made in the Bible there is "New Insight Into Bible Prophecy".
 
"Investigations" is the compound posting that is a collection of any posting about an investigation.
 
The rest of the postings are individual postings. For more detailed information about this blog, see the posting "Thanks To Readers". For general topics of conversation, see "Thoughts And Observations", on the world and economics blog.  
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Other Blogs And Books

                                                                                                                                                       

Lights at night 

Here is a quick look at my other blogs before you start this one.

On this blog, you can see a list of all postings by clicking on the year or month to the right. But on the topical blogs, that is not the case. If you click on a year or month on those blogs, it will display the postings themselves, but the list on the right will still only show those postings that were added most recently.

To access a list of all postings on those blogs, it is necessary to click on the arrow in front of the year or month in question.

http://www.markmeekeconomics.blogspot.com/ is about economics, history and, general human issues.

http://www.markmeekprogress.blogspot.com/ concerns progress in technology and ideas.

http://www.markmeekearth.blogspot.com/ is my geology and global natural history blog for topics other than glaciers. My natural history blogs concerning the impact of glaciers is http://www.markmeekworld.blogspot.com/ .

http://www.markmeekniagara.blogspot.com/ is about new discoveries concerning natural history in the general area of Niagara Falls.

http://www.markmeeklife.blogspot.com/ is my observations concerning meteorology and biology.

http://www.markmeekphysics.blogspot.com/ is my blog about physics and astronomy.

http://www.markmeekcosmology.blogspot.com/ is my version of string theory that solves many unsolved mysteries about the underlying structure and beginning of the universe.

http://www.markmeekpatterns.blogspot.com/ details my work with the fundamental patterns and complexity that underlies everything in existence.

 http://www.markmeekreligion.blogspot.com/ is my religion blog.

 http://www.markmeekcreation.blogspot.com/ is proof that there must be a god.

http://www.markmeekphotos.blogspot.com/ is my travel photos of Europe.

On my photo blogs, Blogspot will not hold all of the photos in each blog in a straight line. To see all of the photos, you must click on the bottom posting listed on the right at the top of the blog after seeing all that there are in the initial showing. The last posting in the North America blog should be "Tijuana, Mexico" and the last posting in the Europe blog should be "Notre Dame Cathedral Door And Arc De Triomphe, Paris". Each photo in the photo blogs can be clicked on to enlarge it to full screen.

My autobiography is http://www.mark-meek.blogspot.com/

My books can be seen at http://www.bn.com/ http://www.amazon.com/ or, http://www.iuniverse.com/ just do an author search for "Mark Meek".   

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Bristol

Bristol is the nearest major city to the place where I was born. This is near the area that we saw in the visit on this blog, "Gloucestershire And Herefordshire".

The city of Bristol is over a thousand years old. In the days of sailing ships, it was England's most important port. The explorer John Cabot sailed from here in 1497, and reached Newfoundland. The Cabot Tower was built to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that journey.

Bristol somewhat missed out on the Industrial Revolution, and it declined as a port when the development of the steam engine brought larger ships that could no longer navigate Bristol's Avon River. But when aircraft came along, it made itself into Britain's aeronautical and aerospace center.

The following scenes of the central city begin in Bristol Cathedral. Just before we moved to North America by ship, we went for a drive. My father pointed out a structure in memory of an explorer and the ship that had sailed across the ocean, and explained that I would soon be sailing across the ocean too. The Cabot Tower is not far from the cathedral. The first of the following six images, from Google Earth and Street View, is of the Cabot Tower. The next three are of the cathedral and the last two are of the central library adjacent to the cathedral. 







There are multiple scenes following. To see the scenes, after the first one, you must click the up arrow, ^, before you can move on to the next scene by clicking the right or forward arrow, >. After clicking the up arrow you can then hide previews of successive scenes, if you wish.

https://www.google.com/maps/@51.451724,-2.600381,3a,75y,270h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1s-IjGMvPB0P_4%2FU1j0xBSntrI%2FAAAAAAABXko%2FVO7H8S857E4T6_RufKWUn9JdjYurivxSACJkC!2e4!3e11!6s%2F%2Flh6.googleusercontent.com%2F-IjGMvPB0P_4%2FU1j0xBSntrI%2FAAAAAAABXko%2FVO7H8S857E4T6_RufKWUn9JdjYurivxSACJkC%2Fw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya65.14425-ro-0-fo100%2F!7i8200!8i4100

There was once a castle in Bristol but it was dismantled during the rule of Oliver Cromwell and is now a park called Castle Park. I am sure that there were once more castles than there are now. Castles located in cities can be dismantled as a source of building stone when they are no longer necessary. In Hereford there is the Castle Green. The first of the following two images are from the Wikipedia article "Bristol Castle" and the second, of Castle Park, is from Google Earth.



Here is more of the central city of Bristol, around Castle Park. The first four images are from Google Street View. The first two image are the Wills Tower.








Bristol is associated with the story "Treasure Island". Robert Louis Stevenson, the story's author, had visited Bristol. The Spyglass Inn, in the story, is said to have been based on a Bristol pub called "The Hole In The Wall", which is still there today. Image from Google Street View.


The pub's innkeeper was named Long John Silver. He would leave the inn to join the Treasure Island expedition as the ship's cook. Eventually he would get a seafood restaurant chain named for him.

I noticed something strange when I read Treasure Island. Much of the story takes place in the tropics, and the landscape is described, but I couldn't see that it ever mentions palm trees.

Have you ever been to Niagara Falls? The gorge downstream from the falls resembled the gorge of the Avon River in Clifton, which was once a separate town but now is a suburb of Bristol. The town that grew on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls was thus named Clifton. The town has since been incorporated into the city of Niagara Falls, but the named lives on in the well-known tourist district of Clifton Hill.

Clifton is known for it's old suspension bridge, over the gorge, which opened in 1864. Next to the bridge is an observatory with a camera obscura. Two images from Google Earth.



The following scenes of Clifton begin outside Clifton Cathedral. This is not an old cathedral like Bristol Cathedral, it was completed in 1973. The first image is from Google Street View.



Here is a newer residential area, known as Hengrove. The first two images are from Google Street View.




Paul Dirac was born in the house on the right in these old row houses. This is the physicist who correctly theorized the existence of antimatter and wrote the first paper on quantum physics. Two images from Google Street View.



I have wondered if the idea of antimatter came, maybe subconsciously, from these houses. These houses are the same except that one has the door to the left and the one next to it has the door to the right. In the same way, antimatter is the same as matter except that the electrical charges are reversed. Matter has negatively-charged electrons in orbitals around positively-charged protons, and antimatter is the reverse.

To the southeast of Bristol is the city of Bath. This is a very old city that goes back to ancient times. Here is a look at it, beginning inside Bath Abbey. The first five images are from Google Earth and Street View.








Here is a look around the house of Longleat. This is not a palace, which is associated with royalty. Longleat was built during the time of Elizabeth I, and is a home of nobility rather than royalty. The first two images are from Google Street View.




BRISTOL AND IT'S RIVER 

Now let's have a look at what Bristol has done to the River Avon that flows through it. The fact that there is more than one river named Avon is a legacy of the days, more than a thousand years ago, before England was a united country. This river is usually referred to as Bristol's Avon.

The Bristol Channel has the second greatest tidal range in the world, after Nova Scotia. The Avon River was tidal, which meant a considerable difference between high and low tide. So what Bristol did, more than two hundred years ago, was to rechannel the river. A "new cut" was dug around the city and the original section of the river that passed through the city was separated and controlled with locks. The water's edge through the city thus remains constant. All images are from Google Earth or Street View.

Upstream, east, of the city the Feeder Canal diverts water from the river. The flow of the river continues to the New Cut. The river flows from higher to lower elevation and the site of the Feeder Canal was chosen so that this would be the water level in the original section of the river that would flow through the city. The Feeder Canal is the branch without the arched bridge over it. The Netham Lock is seen at right in the second image.



The Feeder Canal flows westward through this industrial section of the city.


The original river this flows through the city. But now it is controlled and not tidal. This is called Bristol's "Floating Harbor".








The new and original rivers are parallel and in some places close together. In the following image the original river is shown by the red line at the top and the New Cut by the red line at the bottom.


There are routes for the water in the Floating Harbor to flow into the New Cut when the water exceeds a certain level.


Finally the two branches of the river meet again. In the first of the following images, the Floating Harbor is at left and the New Cut is at right. The red dot at left is a lock to enable a boat to move between the two branches, at high tide, and the red dot at right is an overflow route, as described above. The next image is of the lock.




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Happy Freedom Week

We have two very special birthdays this week, Canada on July 1 and America on July 4. Both countries claim to stand for freedom.

I have long been alarmed at the general decline of democracy in the world as a whole. We thought that 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, was the triumph of democracy. We now see that it was actually the peak of democracy, which has been in slow decline ever since.

Let's review what freedom is all about.


The vast majority of people would prefer to live in a "free" society. But there are two slants on freedom, "freedom to" and "freedom from". A simple example involves smoking, should people have "freedom to" smoke or should they have "freedom from" secondhand smoke? Another obvious example is gun ownership.

Democracy is like an exercise program in that it is difficult but we are better off if we do it. Dictatorship has never gone away because there are always people who find it easier to let someone do their thinking for them. The ultimate "freedom from" can be to let someone else do your thinking for you.

One issue with democracy is that it is possible to be a democracy on paper but it is someone outside the electoral process, or even someone outside the official government altogether, that holds the real power. Maybe there is a certain group or family that is able to arrange it so it is their members that always hold the important positions of power, and the official democracy ends up meaning little.

A striking difference that I notice between dictatorships and what most people would consider as "free" societies is in the nature of the laws. "Free" societies tend to have laws that are clear and well-defined while dictatorships tend to have laws that are subjective and open to interpretation.

We should all be law-abiding citizens. But there is such a thing as having too much respect for authority. People in positions of authority are made of the same kind of flesh and blood as everyone else. They make mistakes and are sometimes vulnerable to corruption. A hallmark of dictatorships is that someone in a uniform is always right. Dictators really like people who have unquestioning respect for authority.

Another hallmark of dictatorships is the leader having a security organization that answers directly to him and to which he can issue orders without answering to anyone. The security organization is outside the structure of the ordinary military. This is sometimes referred to as a "Praetorian Guard".

Many have wondered why America has so many different police departments. The answer is "freedom". There is no single powerful security organization that a potential dictator might seek to gain control of. Britain works in a similar way, with no national police force. Some western countries do have national police forces.

Dictators usually come to power through the democratic process but then find a way to seize more power. A popular route to dictatorship is for a president to amend the constitution to make himself "president for life", or for the indefinite future.

We tend to prefer people who don't complain about things over people that do complain. But complaining is part of the mechanism that keeps a society free. If people never complain about anything you can be sure that they will eventually lose their freedom. Dictators really like people who just fit in, do what they're told, and never complain.

Democracy goes against human nature because we like to think that we are special. But what democracy basically means is that no one is special. Everyone has inherently equal rights. If we want to be special we have to earn it, and we have to earn it as an individual. No one should be special just because of who they are, but that goes against the human nature of wanting to be special.

Dictators don't like individualists and people who think for themselves. Every dictator promotes a strong sense of community. It is much easier to control a society where people think as a group, as well as where "everybody knows everybody else's business".

Dictators prefer people to socialize at community events or in the marketplace. This makes it easier to see who's friends with who and helps to preclude private socializing that might result in people plotting to start a separate church or a political party that might threaten the dictator's authority.

Part of the difficulty of being free is that if we are free, because we live in a free society, then the people around us must also be free. We want to be free but we want the people around us to think like we do and "fit in" with us. But freedom means that the people around us might think completely differently from us and have no obligation to agree with or to "fit in" with us. Freedom does not mean to agree but to agree to disagree.

Being free means being exposed to "fake news" because the only way to be free of potentially "fake news" is to give someone the power to decide for us what is and isn't "fake news". But then that person would have the power of a dictator and we would no longer be free. This is just one of the prices of being free.

Freedom is not a panacea. Freedom itself will not bring about a paradise because it only allows us to be more of what we are. How well freedom works depends on what we are. Freedom is just better than not being free.

If we bring a group of people to a free society who are not able to handle freedom they will tend to make the "community" into an unofficial collective dictatorship. There will be "unwritten rules", beyond the written law, and the less able to handle freedom they are the more "unwritten rules" there will likely be.

A major disadvantage of dictatorships is that people tend to be promoted based on "who you know", rather than "what you know". Giving people jobs based on their friend and family connections ultimately weakens the society.

I see a true sign of democracy as being the ability of anyone to get a phone without registering the phone number.


For more about freedom there is the compound posting "The Meaning Of Freedom" July 2021.

There is also "Freedom And The Subjective", March 2026.

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Electromagnetic Waves And Basic Forces

This has been added to the new cosmology theory, "The Theory Of Infinite Dimensions", April 2006.

What this theory is really all about is that we presume that we have an unbiased view of the universe, that we can completely rely on our measurements and observations. But we are part of the universe, but with a higher complexity than the surrounding inanimate universe. This affects our view of the universe and to really understand the universe we have to realize this. That is why we can learn so much about the universe but some of it doesn't make sense. Classic physics, Relativity and, Quantum Physics all contradict each other. It is because we are imposing our own perspective on the universe and seeing our own nature reflected back at us. There is effectively a "with us" universe and a "without us" universe and to understand the universe we have to understand that.

Another way that we see the universe as we do not only because of what it is but also because of what we are is how we impose our own nature and complexity, and the matter of which we are composed, on the inanimate universe around us, and this makes it appear more complex than it really is.

The visible spectrum of light that we can see is only a very limited section of the entire electromagnetic spectrum, about in the middle of it. The electromagnetic spectrum, from shortest wavelength to longest, is generally divided into gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves and, radio waves.

But what we are really defining these different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum by is not the waves themselves, but how they interact with matter. There is really no difference between radio waves and gamma rays, other than their wavelengths. They are different in how they interact with matter, but that is due to the nature and scale of matter not of the waves.

The interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter depends on the scale of the matter relative to the wavelength of the waves. Electromagnetic waves are produced by processes in matter that are on the same scale as the wavelength. Electromagnetic waves are reflected by matter that is of a scale similar to the wavelength.

We can easily see this with radio waves. Long waves, with lower frequency such as AM in North America, require a long antenna, both for transmission and reception. The ideal antenna length is actually half the wavelength. In a portable radio the AM antenna is usually a coil of wire inside the radio. The exterior whip, or telescopic, antenna is for the shorter waves of higher frequency, such as FM in North America.

Visible light is so-called because it is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see, but that is because of our scale and the nature of our eyes and not anything about the waves. X-rays are useful because they can penetrate matter that is not too dense but are reflected by matter that is more dense, but that is because of the scale of the atoms in the matter and not anything about the waves. 

Radio waves are very useful to convey information but that is because of the scale of the wavelength relative to the scale of the electronic devices that we can easily build, but that is due to our scale and not anything about the waves. When transistors and integrated circuits came along the miniaturization made it easier to deal with shorter wavelengths, and that is what microwaves are, but again that is not anything to do with the waves themselves.

Infrared is so-called because it has a longer wavelength than the red light that is at the long end of the visible spectrum. We experience infrared as heat but that is because of the scale of the structures of atoms in matter, and not anything to do with the waves themselves. Infrared is also now used to convey information, such as to printers, it is not that shorter wavelengths cannot be used to convey the same information. It is just that our scale makes it easier for us to deal with infrared, microwaves, and especially radio waves.

Ultraviolet is so-called because it is of shorter wavelengths than the violet at the short end of the visible spectrum. It is used for sterilization, and can give us sunburn. But that is because it is of the right scale, and the shorter wavelengths contain enough energy, to break molecules apart, but that is because of the nature and scale of the molecules and not of the waves.


So now what about the four basic forces that are behind all the laws of physics? We can see, with both color and the entire electromagnetic spectrum, that we are actually imposing our higher level of complexity on the less-complex surrounding inanimate universe.

What I notice about the four basic forces is that they operate like a lever, relative to each other. If we pry something with a lever we are exchanging force for distance. We can multiply the force that is applied, but only by moving the handle of the lever a greater distance than the applied force will move.

Gravity is by far the weakest of the four forces. It is an exceedingly weak force, if the two largest ships in the world were docked side-by-side, there might be less than a kg of gravity between them. But yet gravity governs the universe on a large scale because it operates over essentially unlimited distances.

It is easy to see how much stronger electromagnetism is than gravity by how a small magnet can lift a piece of iron against the gravity of the entire earth. But the earth and sun have magnetic fields that we can see do not have the same effective range as their gravity.

Absolutely the strongest of all is, as the name implies, the strong nuclear force. Like electric charges mutually repel but this force first binds quarks together into hadrons, either protons or neutrons, and then binds those together into the nucleus. But it can operate only over exceedingly short distances, within the nucleus of the atom. In fact, the reason so many of the large atoms, put together by a supernova, are less-than-stable is that this strong nuclear force does not reach far enough to effectively cover the entire large nucleus.

The way I see it we are imposing our own perspective and complexity on the basic forces, making them more complex than they really are, just as we do with color and electromagnetic waves. The way that the basic forces exchange distance and force, relative to each other, tells us that they are very likely to be different manifestations of the same thing, like holding the same lever at different points on the handle.

The universe is composed of negative and positive electric charges. The only real force is electromagnetism. The other three basic forces are just the manifestations that we see of electromagnetism. We have our own perspective on the universe and this makes it difficult for us to see that all of the basic forces are really the same thing.

In my first cosmology theory empty space is an alternating checkerboard of negative and positive electric charges, in multiple dimensions. Electromagnetic waves are so-called because they disturb the underlying balance of the electric charges in space.

The basic rule of electric charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. Like charges can be held together with energy, which is what produces the charged particles that compose matter, such as electrons. This energy holding like particles together is what gives matter it's mass. This is what we see in the well-known Mass-Energy Equivalence, a certain amount of mass being equivalent to a certain amount of energy. It is also the basis of Einstein's famous formula, E = MC squared, meaning that mass is convertible into energy.

But if the negative and positive charges are equal then the basic rules of electric charges, that opposite charges attract while like charges repel, must also be equal. If matter results from energy overcoming the repulsive force between like charges then that means there must be a net attractive force involving matter left over. There is indeed a net attractive force and it is what we know as gravity. This means that gravity is really electromagnetic in nature.

The strong nuclear force opposes the repulsive force of like charges in the nucleus of the atom, first binding quarks into protons or neutrons, and then binding those nucleons into the nucleus. In doing this the strong nuclear force turns most of the mass of the nucleus into binding energy, remembering the Mass-Energy Equivalence.

We saw that mass is like electric charges held together, against their mutual repulsion, by energy. The nucleus has an overall positive charge but is actually a mixture of negative and positive charges because quarks are of partial charge. An Up Quark has a charge of +2/3 and a Down Quark has a charge of -1/3. Two Up Quarks and a Down Quark make a proton, with an overall charge of +1. Two Down Quarks and an Up Quark make a neutron, with an overall charge of zero. This means that quarks are mixtures of negative and positive charges.

Since mass is from like charges being held together by energy, and not from the attraction of opposite charges, we see that the way the strong nuclear force operates is to rearrange the electric charges in the quarks so that more opposite charges are in contact with each other. This attraction between opposite charges holds the nucleus together, although it removes most of it's mass in doing so. The strong nuclear force is thus electromagnetic also. The Weak Nuclear Force, which causes radioactive decay, is electromagnetic repulsion of like charges taking back over when the very short range of the strong nuclear force cannot cover all of a large nucleus.

All of the basic forces of the universe are thus the different manifestations of electromagnetism that we see. Like color and electromagnetic waves we were seeing the universe from our own perspective and making it more complex than it really is.

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The Days Of The Week

Here is something for Christians, Moslems and, Jews to unite on. Have you ever thought about where the names of the days of the week come from? Four of the days are named after Viking gods, and three are named for astrology.

Saturday is named for Saturn 

Sunday is named for the sun 

Monday is named for the moon 

Tuesday is named for the God of War

Wednesday is named for the God named Woden, or spelled Odin.

Thursday is named for Thor, the God of Thunder, who is sometimes considered as the Viking equivalent of Jupiter.

Friday is named for Frigg, the goddess wife of Woden (Odin).

Isn't it something that, not only are we destroying the earth that we live on by global warming and pollution, but it doesn't even get a day named for it, although the moon and Saturn do? 

How is it that the Book of Genesis describes the seven day week being inaugurated by the one Holy God himself, but then the days end up being named for these pagan gods? This is unreal. 

How about some more appropriate names for the days of the week?

Monday becomes Righteousday 

Tuesday becomes Earthday

Wednesday becomes Peaceday

Thursday becomes Almsday 

Friday becomes Lifeday 

Saturday becomes Goodnessday

Sunday becomes Holyday

Wouldn't this be better than the present paganism?

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British Prime Ministers

Britain has gone through seven prime ministers in ten years and everyone is wondering why. What makes it so difficult to govern? It's actually simple.

History is a powerful force and we tend to repeat it, sometimes intentionally but often without realizing it. We often reenactment religious patterns of the past in modern secular form. 

The interruption in the monarchy, known as the Interregnum, lasted for eleven years, from 1649 to 1660. It was led by Oliver Cromwell, who felt that it was his divine mission to abolish the monarchy. But the movement eventually fell out of favor and the monarchy was restored.

28 years after the end of the Interregnum, in 1688, came what is known as the Glorious Revolution. King James II was Catholic, and began to favor Catholics. A movement arose against him as the country was now mostly Protestant. His daughter, Mary, was devoutly Protestant and married to William, the Protestant King of the Netherlands. William and Mary were invited to "invade" England and depose James. They were met with a welcoming committee. 

This put England in a personal union with the Netherlands. This means that two countries were ruled by the same king but not that the two are completely united. Scotland was also in a personal union with England, at the time, but the two hadn't yet united politically. William and Mary were so popular that they got a university in Virginia named for them.

The modern political reenactment of the Interregnum is the time of Margaret Thatcher. She was very conservative and considered it her mission to do away with the socialist welfare state, rather than the monarchy. The Interregnum lasted from 1649 to 1660 and the reign of Margaret Thatcher lasted from 1979 to 1990. Both lasted for eleven years, from a year that ends with a 9 to a year that ends with a 0. 

This means that 2018 was 28 years from the end of the modern reenactment of the Interregnum. This is just about when Britain began it's revolving door of prime ministers. It is unconsciously expecting a new prime minister to bring in the Glorious Revolution. Look at the fanfare at the election of Labour in 2024. This was a reenactment of the welcoming committee. But Keir Starmer proved to be an ordinary mortal.

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America's 250th Birthday

With America's 250th birthday, why don't we review "Understanding The World In Terms Of The South And West And The North And East"? The world can be divided into two halves, and it is ultimately based on religion. In the North And East, the same nations have generally existed since ancient times. While in the South And West, which includes America, nations tend to come into existence with new ideas. Here is a link.

https://markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2016/04/understanding-world-in-terms-of-south.html?m=0

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