POLITICAL TURMOIL IN FRANCE
Since the French Revolution, France has gone through five constitutions so that we are now in what is known as the "Fifth Republic". The present constitution was drafted in 1958. We saw the French history of republics in the visit to "Algiers", August 2025.
Some other countries use this system of periodic new constitutions. Nigeria is now in it's Fourth Republic and South Korea in it's Sixth Republic. America amends it's constitution but still has the same constitution that it has always had.
The country has gone through yet another prime minister and the national debt has become a crisis. France always has the option of writing another constitution and reinventing itself again as the Sixth Republic.
FLOODING IN PAKISTAN
The recent extensive flooding in Pakistan, like that in 2022 along with periodic earthquakes, gives us a clue as to what happened to the Indus Valley Civilization of ancient times. This civilization consisted of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
The civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia are well-known and have continued to the present. But there was a third civilization in the general area, centered on the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. All such early civilizations were centered on rivers, Egypt on the Nile and Mesopotamia on the Tigris and Euphrates.
The mystery is why the apparently thriving Indus Valley Civilization was abandoned about 1700 BC. It was abandoned over time, not suddenly as if it was destroyed. It's people migrated to southern India.
What I think happened is that it was abandoned due to frequent flooding, as we saw this week, and because of earthquakes. It is clear that Mohenjo Daro was built with defenses against flooding.
Here is a link to the posting about the Indus Valley Civilization:
www.markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2025/05/where-india-began.html?m=0
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