There are several scientific theories on this blog that I have developed periodically.
I thought of the first information theory, about the basic patterns underlying everything, in 1998. I called it "The Theory Of Primes".
I first thought of the cosmology theory, The Theory Of Stationary Space, in 2004.
I began this blog writing in 2005.
I thought of the geology theory, about the Continental Asteroids and Lines of Magma Emergence, in 2011.
I thought of "The Flow Of Information Through The Universe", in early 2016.
I thought of the final information theory, "The Lowest Information Point ", near the end of 2017.
I have been continuously adding onto these theories but I am soon to be 66 and didn't think I had any major new theories left.
What I have here is about cosmology, the fundamental nature of the universe. It has some basic points in common with the original cosmology theory, "The Theory Of Stationary Space". But this one goes off in a different direction and I consider it as a separate theory because it is possible to understand one without knowing about the other.
There is an abbreviated version of the original cosmology theory in the posting "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams", January 2024.
Remember what I am trying to do here. I am going right to the people. There is a vast amount of information that is available to everyone. With the internet, you can notice something new or think of something and easily look to see if anyone else has thought of it. If anyone can be a social media influencer then why can't anyone make scientific discoveries?
INTRODUCTION
I have written about straight lines here on a number of occasions.
"Lightning And Straight Lines", August 2025
"Straight Lines And The Shape Of The Universe ", June 2022
"Electron Dependency And Straight Lines" (compound posting), December 2021
What really is a straight line? We define it as the shortest distance between two points. But what does that mean exactly? Is there a difference between the possible "shortest" route and the lowest energy route? Lightning, like any flow of electrons, will choose the path of least resistance. But lightning bolts don't form what we define as straight lines.
We can see that light travels in straight lines. Of course it does because we define the path of light as a straight line. The reasoning about light and straight lines goes around in a circle.
We see ourselves as occupying three spatial dimensions, and one that we perceive as time. But that could be because the space of the universe is of an infinite number of dimensions and, since we cannot access dimensions, other than those that we occupy, we have to perceive the space of the universe as being infinite.
An example of this perception of infinity is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to it's diameter. This is apparently something quite simple but it requires an infinite number of digits. Pi cannot be expressed in a finite number of digits. But this is because the expression of pi requires two dimensions but our numbers are one-dimensional. Unlike a square or a triangle, a circle cannot be broken down into one-dimensional straight lines so it cannot be expressed in a finite number of digits with a one-dimensional number system because a circle must be two-dimensional.
For the universe to be of an infinite number of dimensions is actually the lowest information state, and thus preferred, because it doesn't require specifying a number. The universe could actually be extremely compact, the size of an atom, but of an infinite number of dimensions so that any being of a finite dimensional order would have to perceive it as infinite.
THE "WITH US" UNIVERSE AND THE "WITHOUT US" UNIVERSE
Our understanding of the universe has long been held back by our presumption that we have an unbiased view of the universe. It goes back to the apparently obvious conclusion that everything in the sky revolves around the earth, including the sun. A real understanding of how the universe operates was not possible until some outside-the-box thinking brought the realization that the earth revolved around the sun and in no way was it the center of the universe. The earth-centered universe was a "with us" view, as opposed to "without us".
This does not necessarily mean that our view of the universe is in error. It is just that there is a "with us" way and a "without us" way of looking at the universe. Just as it is not an error to say that the sun rises and sets, although the earth is rotating and the "rising and setting" of the sun is just an illusion of our perspective. It is a "with us" view because, without our perspective, there really is no "rising and setting" of the sun.
My cosmology theory describes how Quantum Physics and Einsteins Special Theory Of Relativity, which not only contradict standard textbook physics but also contradict each other, are also "with us" ways of looking at the universe.
An abbreviated version of the original cosmology theory, as I will refer to it here, can be seen in the posting "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams", January 2024.
HOW MANY DIMENSIONS ARE THERE?
What this theory is about is another deception caused by our own nature that involves straight lines and dimensions of space. We inhabit three spatial dimensions. My cosmology theory has it that there are actually four dimensions that we inhabit, one of which we perceive as time. The reason for this is that our bodies are composed of matter and that matter consists of four spatial dimensions.
In the cosmology theory, what are actually strings of matter in four dimensions we perceive as particles because we can only see in three dimensions. What we perceive as time is our consciousness moving along the bundles of strings comprising our bodies and brains at what we perceive as the speed of light.
In no way does that mean there couldn't be more than these three spatial dimensions. We are in three dimensions, actually four including the one we perceive as time, because our bodies are composed of matter that is scattered over that many dimensions of space. But why should the dimensions stop there? If there can be four dimensions then why couldn't there be five, and then why couldn't there be six, and so on?
If I was asked how many dimensions I thought there were I would say infinity. Specifying a number is information. Infinity is not really a number. It just states that numbers go on forever and so avoids specifying a number. This makes infinity a lower information state than any specified number. This makes it the most likely number of dimensions.
HOW DIMENSIONS WORK
Consider the inside of a box or room. There are three spatial dimensions, length, width and, height. But a being could only be aware of those dimensions of which it's own bodily matter was composed. Let's imagine a one-dimensional being in a corner of the floor of the box. The being can only be aware of one dimension. If it wants to go to the diagonally opposite corner of the floor of the box the only way it can see is to go along the edge of the floor of the box. It would have to make a right angle turn but it would not be aware of it because it would require two dimensions to be aware of it. It would always perceive itself as moving only in a straight line. It could not be aware of the diagonal shortcut, across the floor of the box to the opposite corner, because that also would require two dimensions.
Now suppose that the one-dimensional being wanted to go to the diagonally opposite corner on the ceiling of the box. It would have to make two right angle turns, although it would still perceive itself as moving in only a straight line. A one-dimensional being would always perceive itself as moving in a straight line because it can only be aware of one dimension. There would again be a shortcut diagonally across the box but to be aware of this it would have to be of three dimensions.
If a one-dimensional being was at corner 1 of the box in the following illustration, and wanted to get to the diagonally opposite corner 2, it would have to go along the three vertices of the box, A, B and, C, indicated by the red lines. The being would be utterly unaware of the diagonal shortcuts across the box. It would see the distance to corner 2 as the length of the three vertices added together. But it would perceive it as a straight line and would be unaware of the two turns or the potential diagonal shortcut.
If there were a two-dimensional being in a floor corner of the box it could take the diagonal shortcut across the floor of the box. It would have to make one right angle turn, but would not be aware of it, to get to the diagonally opposite corner on the ceiling of the box. Because to be aware of it would require three dimensions.
If we, as three dimensional beings, should be in a corner of a five-dimensional box the same rules would apply. We would be two dimensions short so we would have to make two right angle turns to get to the opposite corner the most dimensions away but we wouldn't perceive it or the possible diagonal shortcut and would see ourselves as moving only in a straight line.
The distance saved by the diagonal shortcut would be the square root of the number of dimensions, presuming that all dimensions are equal. The distance of the diagonal shortcut across a square would be the square root of the distance along two sides. The distance of the diagonal shortcut across a cube would be the square root of the distance along three sides.
Remember the Pythagorean Theorem. In a right triangle, which is a triangle with one right angle, the squares of the two legs, added together, is equal to the square of the diagonal. This is usually expressed as C squared = A squared + B squared. The theorem works in multiple dimensions.
This can only mean that distance is a "with us" way of looking at the universe, depending on the number of dimensions occupied by the matter, relative to the total number of dimensions of space. When matter is of a lower dimensional order than the space that it inhabits the matter cannot "see" directly across space by the shortest route, the diagonal. The matter will "see" all of the space but it must "go along the edges" of the box of the dimensions of space. The matter will have to make one right angle turn, that it will not be aware of, for each dimension that it is short of the space.
This going "along the edges" is, of course, longer than directly by the diagonal. The distance "along the edges" is the square of the distance along the diagonal. This applies both to the route of electromagnetic radiation radiated or reflected by the matter or light received by living beings.
In my cosmology theory an electron is a one-dimensional string of negative electric charges held together, against their mutual repulsion, by energy. This means that, if an electron could think, it would be impossible for it to be aware of more than one dimension. If an electron moves through a wire it must always perceive itself as moving in a straight line. Because anything other than a straight line must involve more than one dimension. Even though we, with our three spatial dimensions, can see the twists and turns in the wire.
What that means is, unless the wire forms a perfectly straight line, the electron would perceive the distance that it moved through the wire as being the actual distance between the ends of the wire. We would see the distance as being less because we have access to more dimensions than the electron and can see the twists and turns in the wire.
Straight lines are thus a "with us" view of the universe. If we define a straight line as the shortest route between two points then the dimensional order becomes a central part of the definition. We define a straight line by the path of light but that brings our reasoning around in a circle because we will always see light as moving in a straight line.
Light, as described in the cosmology theory, consists of two-dimensional waves, while we can see three dimensions of space. What that means is that we can see light coming from different directions but must always see it as a straight line. We define a straight line by light but the truth is that we are incapable of seeing light as anything other than a straight line due to our limited dimensional order.
WHAT IS ENERGY?
What exactly is energy? There is no real answer as to exactly what it is. There is the rule that energy can never be created or destroyed, but only changed in form. We could say that energy is the ability to change the order of things. But that still doesn't tell us exactly what it is.
There is a relationship between distance and energy. We know that there is a limited amount of energy in the universe, relative to space, because the universe always seeks the lowest energy state. The default form of a gravitational mass is the sphere, because it has the lowest surface area per volume.
This shows the relationship between distance and energy. We can also see this relationship in the Inverse Square Law. Light from a greater distance is dimmer because it must expend more of it's energy to cross the distance.
I conclude that energy is related to dimensions and the most basic definition of energy is that it can facilitate a change in dimensions. It takes energy to move an object over a distance. But what is interesting is Newton's Law of Motion. An object in motion will continue in motion, unless acted on by an outside force. This can only mean that no energy is required to move an object, as long as there is no change in dimensions. This must mean that energy is the ability to change dimensions.
Light, having energy, can change dimensions, although we are dimensionally-incapable of perceiving it as moving in anything but a straight line. But it requires energy for it to change dimensions. That is why we see it's energy decreasing with distance, as per the Inverse Square Law. But it is not really decreasing with distance, remember Newton's Law of Motion that an object in space in motion will continue indefinitely without losing any energy.
The energy of light decreases as it changes dimensions. We can only perceive it as distance in a straight line because of our limited dimensional order, as explained above. Dimensions of space form squares and the law that describes the behavior of energy by light over distance is the Inverse Square Law.
But no matter how much energy we have, it doesn't change our dimensions at all. We still perceive the same four dimensions, three of space and one of time. We can see the space of the universe but can only see it as three dimensions. There is very likely an infinite number of dimensions, because that would be the lowest information state. We see the vast distances of space but in only as three dimensions. We can only see the right angles between all of those dimensions, except for three, as straight lines.
We can see the vastness of space but only "along the inside edges" of the box, as in the cube in the illustration above, of an infinite number of dimensions, not directly diagonally across. The universe could actually be as small as an atom, but with an infinite number of dimensions. We have to see the vastness of space because we cannot see the vastness of it's dimensions, and this is yet another "with us" way of looking at the universe.
HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE, CONSIDERING THE DIMENSIONAL FACTOR?
Instead of our universe of an infinity of distance in three dimensions we may well live in a very compact universe, but consisting of an infinite number of dimensions. What we think we see as an infinite distance in three dimensions could really be a short distance but in an infinite number of dimensions.
If we consisted of an infinite number of dimensions ourselves then the universe might appear to us as a very confined, even claustrophobic, space. But it may be that it only seems infinite because it consists of an infinite number of dimensions while we are of a very limited finite number of dimensions.
SHORTER DISTANCES WITH MORE DIMENSIONS
To explain what I mean about how the distances in the universe might really be a short distance, but over an infinite number of dimensions, let's consider a cube with dimensions of one meter.
The distances across the cube increase if we increase the number of dimensions traversed. Crossing one dimension of the cube the distance is one meter. Crossing a diagonal of the cube, so that we are traversing two dimensions, the distance is 1.414 meters which is an increase by a factor of the square root of 2. If we cross the cube from one diagonal corner to the other, traversing three dimensions, the distance increases to 1.732 dimensions which is an increase over the one-dimension distance by a factor of the square root of 3.
So the universe could be, and likely is, consisting of much shorter distances than we perceive, but over an infinite number of dimensions. If there was a cube that was one meter square, but of an infinite number of dimensions, the distance from one diagonally opposite corner would have to be infinite, since the square root of infinity is still infinity.
Since we are incapable of perceiving any more than our own three spatial dimensions the distances across the universe will always seem to us as infinite distances in three dimensions, and with light always moving in straight lines, even though the distances may actually be short but in an infinite number of dimensions.
Just like the two-dimensional being in the sheet, which would always see itself as moving in a straight line across the sheet, we would be utterly unaware if our three dimensions of space were somehow "bent" relative to the higher dimensional background space. We could be moving in a curve, or even zig-zagging, when we are sure that we are moving in a straight line.
WHY IS MATTER OF FOUR DIMENSIONS?
Joining this to my cosmology theory explains why our dimensional order is of four dimensions. The beginning of the universe is explained in that theory so I won't go over it here. There are two electric charges, negative and positive, and everything in the universe, both space and matter, is composed of these electric charges. The basic rules of electric charges is that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. Energy can, to some extent, overcome these basic rules.
An alternating checkerboard of negative and positive charges, which is the lowest energy state, forms empty space. If energy overcomes the attractive force between opposite charges then it forms waves in space, that we refer to as electromagnetic radiation. It is so-called because it disturbs the electric balance of space, which ordinarily balances out to zero.
If energy overcomes the repulsive force between like charges then it forms matter. This is why the fundamental particles of matter, such as electrons, have an electric charge. They are a bundle of like charges held together, against their mutual repulsion, by energy. This energy within matter shows up as the Mass-Energy Equivalence, which gives matter it's mass. If we react matter and antimatter together, this is released as a burst of energy and the electric charges rearrange themselves back into the alternating checkerboard of empty space.
Because space is composed of these two electric charges, there must be two opposite directions in each dimension of space. In our three spatial dimensions we refer to these as up and down, left and right, and backward and forward.
This means that two squared equals four means that there are four possible combinations of the two charges, positive-negative, negative-positive, negative-negative and, positive-positive. This is why our dimensional order is of four dimensions, one of which we perceive as time. The internal energy of matter, plus the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons of atoms, gives the matter of which we are composed an order of four dimensions.
My cosmology theory has our four-dimensional order as fixed, and it was not necessary to go beyond that for the purpose of that theory. But, while we are confined to a four-dimensional order by the nature of the matter of which we are composed, that can be changed by energy and that is what energy does. The energy within matter, the Mass-Energy Equivalence, changes the dimensions of space by overcoming the repulsive force between like charges, because the dimensions of space are composed of electric charges. The energy in electromagnetic waves also changes the dimensions of space, by overcoming the attractive force between opposite charges.
We can access the whole universe, it's Infinity of dimensions, but only see it as four dimensions. Energy is what enables us to "turn a corner" of the dimensional cube described above, and change our dimensional set. We cannot be aware of a change in our Dimensional Set but are aware of the expenditure of energy.
Again, it requires energy to move matter but once it is set in motion in space, as described in Newton's Law of Motion, no more energy is required and it will continue on indefinitely, unless acted on by an outside force. That is because there is no more change in the dimensions.
Electromagnetic radiation, such as light, is emitted in the dimensional order of the matter that produces it. But the energy within it enables it to "turn corners" of the dimensional cube described above. However, it requires an expenditure of some of it's energy to do this. This is why light gets dimmer with an increase in distance. It gets dimmer according to the Inverse Square Law because light is two-dimensional while space is one-dimensional.
THE SCALE OF HYDROGEN ATOMS
So then just how big is the universe, considering that we perceive it as infinite because it is of an infinite number of dimensions? How big is the universe in our four dimensions? There must be some kind of clue and that actually brings us to our final question here.
Matter is formed of atoms and the most basic atom is a hydrogen atom, one electron in an orbital around one proton. All heavier atoms are formed from fusion of hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atom is the basic unit of compound matter, formed of a combination of particles, in the universe.
But hydrogen atoms are of a precise size. Why are hydrogen atoms as big as they are? We could answer that it is a reflection of the amount of opposite charge on it's proton and electron. But that brings us to why is that charge as much as it is? It must reflect something fundamental about the universe.
My conclusion is that the scale of a hydrogen atom reflects the wavelength of the original radiation from the Big Bang. This is an extremely short wavelength but the addition of waves to each other over time would result in longer wavelengths. But this just leaves us with a different form of the original question, why is this wavelength the scale that it is? It must reflect something fundamental about the universe.
Our description of dimensions here gives us our answer. A hydrogen atom is unlimited in scale. It actually fills the whole universe, but only four dimensions of the universe. Multiply that by the infinite number of dimensions and the scale of the hydrogen atom becomes an infinite universe.
CONCLUSION
All of this will make no difference at all to most people going about their daily lives, or in any branch of science other than cosmology. Seeing the universe as an infinity of three-dimensional space is fine, just like seeing the day in terms of sunrise and sunset.
But what underlies my approach to cosmology is the realization that we rely on our own measurements and observations in trying to understand the universe around us. We have to understand that we are part of the universe, and we see it as we do not only because of what it is but also because of what we are. A lot of what we see is actually due to our own nature and perspective, what I call the "with us" universe. The way to really make discoveries about the universe is to find our way outside ourselves so that we can see the "without us" universe.
What this theory here does explain, that I cannot see explained anywhere else, is why the scale of the hydrogen atom, which is the most fundamental of atoms, is what it is.
It also gives a clear definition of what energy is, the ability to change the dimensional order of space. There is internal energy in matter, what we refer to as the Mass-Energy Equivalence, and that is because, in my cosmology theory, matter is a concentration of like charges from space, held together against their mutual repulsion by energy. This is why, according to Newton's Law of Motion, a moving object in space will continue in motion with no additional energy input. It is because there is no change in the dimensional order.
You consist of millions of spatial dimensions but each original hydrogen atom is of only four dimensions. That causes you to see the world around you as being of four dimensions, perceiving one as time, and requiring energy because energy is required to change dimensions. Light is a two-dimensional wave and you have three spatial dimensions. This means that you can see light coming from different directions but can only see it as a straight line. Your world is three spatial dimensions and light moving in straight lines but that is an illusion of your dimensional order.
Remember the fundamental principle of my approach to cosmology. We have to realize that we are part of the universe and we see it as we do not only because of what it is but also because of what we are. So many answers to unanswered questions fall into place once we understand that. We are used to the idea that we can completely rely on our own measurements and observations.
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