Central America

Central America is defined as the isthmus of land from Mexico south to Colombia, and between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. All of the nations of Central America are small. By far the most populous is Guatemala, immediately south of Mexico, with around 18 million people.

Central America has a Spanish colonial heritage similar to that of Mexico and northern South America, but the cities of Central America are usually not as old as Mexico City or Lima.

To understand Central America it is necessary to understand the past involvement of American companies in the region. These countries have been profoundly affected by United Fruit and Standard Fruit. The descendants of both companies are still with us today. United Fruit is now known as Chiquita, and is especially known for bananas. Standard fruit is now known as Dole, and is especially known for pineapples.

According to critics, these companies turned Central America into nations whose reason for being was to supply American consumers with tropical fruit. One thing that is notable about the region is how small the countries are. Most of the nations of Latin America are much larger and it does seem that Central America could have been one country. But this could be the legacy of being divided up as national plantations for rival fruit companies.

When Communism came along this history of exploitation, at least according to the critics, it found ready converts in the region which ultimately led to conflicts like that between the Contras and the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. Although not part of Central America, the same could be said for Cuba which was the main supplier of sugar. The result was the rise of Fidel Castro and the Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war.

This is not to say that that the fruit companies did not bring any good to the region, they certainly built infrastructure and communications networks, although the critics claim that it was for the companies' own benefit and was mainly the kind of "help" that hindered Central America from developing in it's own way.

Anyway, I'll let you form your own opinion about it. Let's move along and have a look at the region.

The following scenes of Guatemala City begin inside Metropolitan Cathedral. The cathedral faces the most important square of the city, the Plaza de la Constitucion. The National Palace of Culture is also on the square. The familiar pattern in cities of Latin America is the most important church facing the main square of a city. If it is a capital city, it will be the nation's main cathedral and there will be the president's residence or national palace, and possibly other government buildings facing the square as well.

There are multiple scenes following. To see the scenes, after the first one, you must first click the up arrow, ^, before you can move on to the next scene by clicking the right or forward arrow, >. After clicking the up arrow, you can then hide the previews of successive scenes, if you wish.

https://www.google.com/maps/@14.6415598,-90.5120736,3a,75y,88.52h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipMXxd0vQIdSoAa-CqlFlI4d_CuhOHd7l-PlsPXp!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMXxd0vQIdSoAa-CqlFlI4d_CuhOHd7l-PlsPXp%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya27.698635-ro-0-fo100!7i11464!8i5732

Here is some more of the central part of Guatemala City.

https://www.google.com/maps/@14.6345409,-90.5149814,2a,75y,103.26h,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sj9gK7RPOBhf22yfrGtfwhA!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo1.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3Dj9gK7RPOBhf22yfrGtfwhA%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D103.68807%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100

The way Guatemala City is organized into numbered zones is reminiscent of the arrondisements of Paris. The following scenes are in Zone 10, a modern business district.

https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5906694,-90.5037906,3a,75y,162.29h,90t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1s6hkg2bijbj88gmGyIQTCbQ!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo2.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3D6hkg2bijbj88gmGyIQTCbQ%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D162.28775%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100

The capital city of the neighboring nation of El Salvador is San Salvador. Like so many other cities in this part of the world, the center of the capital city is a square with the Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Palace facing the square. These views of San Salvador begin in the Metropolitan Cathedral.

https://www.google.com/maps/@13.6983334,-89.1911671,3a,75y,92.27h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipMypHSs7S77nI0VRKtrvrpwlfTupvVibBYUp_65!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMypHSs7S77nI0VRKtrvrpwlfTupvVibBYUp_65%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya85.80976-ro-0-fo100!7i7200!8i3600

This is the western part of San Salvador, beginning at the Monument of the Divine Savior. Oscar Romero, a priest who was known for "Liberation Theology", was a native of El Salvador. This was a form of socialism, maybe even Marxism, but that had serving God as the goal.

https://www.google.com/maps/@13.7012491,-89.2240379,3a,75y,76.04h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOn_xeek4XeCUo_KlIPiKgpaNEiAf9AYdeGN7F1!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOn_xeek4XeCUo_KlIPiKgpaNEiAf9AYdeGN7F1%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya155.74026-ro-0-fo100!7i7200!8i3600

Tegucigalpa, the capital of Honduras, is one of those places whose name makes a good password. (Does anyone remember Bophuthatswana, a former "homeland" in South Africa from the 1970s)? It is a much older city that most of the capitals of Central America, dating from around the same time as Mexico City and Lima. It might have been the capital if Central America had become one country.

https://www.google.com/maps/@14.0891555,-87.1815757,3a,75y,214.5h,92.93t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipPDXswIuWxH22Dxax4fvvtBa_uK0jvm8_SyBQYx!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPDXswIuWxH22Dxax4fvvtBa_uK0jvm8_SyBQYx%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-2.9338646-ya316.5-ro-0-fo100!7i7680!8i3840

If you have ever wondered if nations have gone to war over soccer, called "football" outside North America, the answer is yes. El Salvador and Honduras went to war over qualifying for the 1970 World Cup.

The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. I can remember from childhood seeing news reports of the devastating 1972 earthquake there. Then, when I was a teenager, the president of the country was overthrown in what would begin a long civil war. The president, Anastasio Somoza, was from the Somoza family which had dominated the country for decades.

He was overthrown by the Sandinistas, who were led by Daniel Ortega and took their name from a leftist revolutionary who had earlier fought against U.S. military occupation of Nicaragua (Remember the United Fruit Company, as described above), and had been killed by the forces of the Somoza family. The U.S. administration of Ronald Reagan helped to form the Contras, who undertook a civil war, against the backdrop of the Cold War, against the Sandinistas. I remember when Reagan publicly declared "I am a Contra".

The U.S. Congress banned further assistance to the Contras, but Reagan sought ways to help them anyway. This is what led to the 1980s "Iran-Contra Scandal", where American weapons were being sold to Iran, which was at war with Iraq, and the profits being used to help fund the Contras.

In the global shift against Communism toward the end of the 1980s, Daniel Ortega lost the 1990 presidential election to Violeta Chamorro, who was widely celebrated in America. But Ortega moved toward the political center from Communism, and came back to win the 2006 presidential election and is still the president of the country today.

The husband of Violeta Chamorro, Pedro, had operated a newspaper that had opposed the rule of the Somoza family, until he had been assassinated. Ironically, he had been a childhood classmate of Anastasio Somoza, the last of the Somoza rulers. At first, Violeta Chamorro sided with the Sandinistas after they overthrew the Somozas in 1979. But that did not last long because she became disillusioned with their Marxist leanings. She eventually defeated the Sandinistas in the 1990 election to become the president of Nicaragua.

Does all of this sound familiar? If it does it is because this is virtually a mirror image of Corazon Aquino winning the presidency of the Philippines four years before, in 1986. Her husband had been assassinated by the forces of Ferdinand Marcos, and she eventually led the "People Power" movement that had deposed Marcos. Ironically, Corazon Aquino's husband was told that he could return from exile, but was killed at the airport as soon as he landed just as Augusto Sandino, for whom the Sandinistas were named and who could be considered as Nicaragua's version of Che Guevara, was killed after the Somoza family had invited him to discuss a truce.

The situation in Nicaragua was more complex than that of the Philippines because it involved three parties, the Somozas, the Sandinistas and Violeta Chamorro, while the Philippines only involved two, Marcos and Corazon Aquino.

The overthrow of the Shah of Iran also bears a similarity to this story and it also took place in 1979, a few months before the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza. Like the Shah, Somoza sought exile in the U.S. President Jimmy Carter really did not want either one, but the Republicans insisted they an "old friend" like the Shah must not be abandoned. Anastasio Somoza had no such support in the U.S. and settled into exile in Paraguay.

I remember the news that the Sandinistas had finally caught up with Anastasio Somoza in his Paraguayan exile. He was killed when the assassination team fired a rocket at his car. There was a lot of speculation in the news about how much assistance they might have had from Communist Cuba.

Managua was rebuilt after the 1972 earthquake. There has long been discussion about building a canal across Nicaragua, which would rival the Panama Canal, but there seems to be a lot of opposition to it and it would inevitably mean salt water from the sea getting into Lake Managua. 

Here is a look at Managua.

https://www.google.com/maps/@12.1184925,-86.2617141,3a,75y,220h,100t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNtPKK1WCA1c0JjvkVBRBzagnqNwBRl-EoZvfFf!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNtPKK1WCA1c0JjvkVBRBzagnqNwBRl-EoZvfFf%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-7.305146-ya2.9631648-ro11.570669-fo100!7i5376!8i2688

This is San Jose, the capital city of Costa Rica.

https://www.google.com/maps/@9.9329002,-84.0636649,3a,75y,259.5h,92.93t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNuUbUnDPme4_btn2yOrJ2msFssqDo5ZFU0u740!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNuUbUnDPme4_btn2yOrJ2msFssqDo5ZFU0u740%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-2.9338646-ya159.82-ro-0-fo100!7i7776!8i3888

"San Jose" means "St. Joseph". Remember that English and Spanish names are often equivalent. A difference is that "Jesus" (pronounced "Hay-seus") is a common name in Spanish-speaking countries.
Jose = Joseph
Pablo = Paul
Juan = John
Maria = Mary
Jorge = George
Pedro = Peter
Miguel = Michael
Guillermo = William
I think Ramon = Raymond
I think Manuel = Samuel

Panama City, the capital of Panama and on the Pacific side of the country, is a very old city, from the Sixteenth Century. The first Panama City was destroyed in a pirate raid, and the ruins are still there. Piracy was common in the early days of this part of the world, but what exactly a pirate was depends on one's perspective.

My understanding is that a pirate is simply a robber. A pirate ship preys on other ships, especially those carrying gold, in the days when there were no radios to call on the navy or the coast guard for help.

But it is more complicated than that. Countries were often at war. When they were, "pirate" ships would be commissioned to raid ships, but only ships of nations with which their own country was at war. These ships operated independently, and were not part of the country's organized navy. "Pirates" who raided only ships of nations with which their country was at war were known as buccaneers or privateers or, in French terminology, corsairs.

A well-known pirate, or privateer depending on your point of view, was Henry Morgan. "Captain Morgan", as he was known, even has a popular brand of rum named after him today.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Morgan#/media/File:Captain_Morgan_Black_Label.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Morgan#/media/File:Captainlogo_2005.PNG

This is the ruins of the original Panama City.

https://www.google.com/maps/@9.0072148,-79.4859845,3a,75y,127.61h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipMsMRL7VKQsPCFujK-JPzBneOaTXRGVe5l_n7PW!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMsMRL7VKQsPCFujK-JPzBneOaTXRGVe5l_n7PW%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi2.3866053-ya127.93231-ro1.9146585-fo100!7i7200!8i3600

This is the Old Quarter of the present Panama City.

https://www.google.com/maps/@8.9529266,-79.5368195,3a,75y,88.64h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipO6DRvWV5Z8823A0JpWQzFbGskb7MnzTqv68SHT!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipO6DRvWV5Z8823A0JpWQzFbGskb7MnzTqv68SHT%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya338.62393-ro0-fo100!7i9728!8i4864

Here is the central area of modern Panama City.

https://www.google.com/maps/@8.9775769,-79.5250739,3a,75y,136.23h,90t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNtUoKXfzyVqAUW5APMj2W-MarNXNFap_lfWeSM!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNtUoKXfzyVqAUW5APMj2W-MarNXNFap_lfWeSM%3Dw203-h100-k-no-pi-0-ya238.58351-ro0-fo100!7i7168!8i3584

Jerusalem And The Rock Music Era

 I was only a boy during the 1960s but could feel what a special time it was, and have always been fascinated by the Sixties and it's music. Although, from a cultural and spiritual point of view, my feeling is that the "Real Sixties" did not exactly fit the chronological decade and actually only lasted for eight years, from 1964 to 1972.

The Sixties were the youth of the Baby Boom generation, the demographic bulge in the population brought about by millions of soldiers returning from the Second World War and starting families. The first of the Baby Boom generation reached adulthood in 1964. 

This is why there was such an emphasis on youth culture. But the devastation, horrific weapons and, genocide of the Second World War were recent memories. Before that there had been the market crash and the Great Depression, and before that the First World War.

Could the new Baby Boom generation be the one that had learned the lessons and would change the world for the better?

Considering the world wars, and countless other wars, can you believe that, as secularism spread in the late Nineteenth Century, many people thought that it was a very good thing, since wars were primarily religious in nature, that secularism would bring peace to the world?

The Bible foretold that, far in the future, the nation of Israel would be reestablished and this, particularly the return of the original city of Jerusalem to Jewish control, would initiate the one-lifetime countdown to the Return of Jesus to establish His Millennial Kingdom on earth, when the world would be the godly paradise that it was intended to be. But, of course, the world had to go through the reign of the Antichrist and the Tribulation first.

My speculation, as described in the section "17) Crossing The Red Sea", in the compound posting "New Insight Into Bible Prophecy" October 2016 and "The Failed Millenniums", February 2020, was that there was a nineteen-year delay between the reestablishment of the nation of Israel in 1948 and the addition of the original city of Jerusalem in 1967 to give the idealistic Baby Boom generation a chance to see if it could build the Millennium itself, by following God, without going through the Antichrist and the Tribulation. It would follow the pattern of the establishment of the Millennium in the Bible, with Hitler representing the Antichrist and the Second World War the Tribulation.

Of course, as we saw in those postings, it was not to be because we were just too sinful. The return of the original city of Jerusalem marked the beginning of the countdown, and the world will go through the reign of the Antichrist and the Tribulation, before Jesus returns to establish the Millennium.

The Baby Boom generation saw material prosperity like no generation had before. International travel, other than with the military, had previously been limited to the relatively wealthy. But with the postwar development of passenger jets, global travel became widespread. People saw the world outside their own countries like never before.

Mass movements of idealistic young Baby Boomers began. The Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco became the epicenter of 1967's "Summer of Love".

In the U.S. there was the Woodstock concert, in New York State in 1969. 400,000 young people converged on a farm for a great concert. Certainly their hearts were in the right place to change the world, they were together for three days and there was not a single act of violence.

Later in 1969, there was a west coast version of Woodstock at Altamont Speedway. Unfortunately it didn't go as peacefully as Woodstock.

There was the "Hippie Trail", which began in Istanbul and proceeded across central Asia. The Hippies were in search of adventure, enlightenment and, of course, drugs.

But then, in 1967, just as Hippies were converging on Haight-Ashbury, Jerusalem opened up as it came under Israeli control. Pilgrims had been going there before that, but the number of visitors now greatly increased.

Could it be that God planned it this way? God knew that this generation was looking for the way to a better world, the world as God intended it to be. Young people had access to international travel like never before. So God opened up His Holy City, Jerusalem, in the hope that they would make a pilgrimage there.

Maybe God intended Jerusalem to be the catalyst that would spur the Baby Boom generation on to building the Millennium themselves, so the world would not have to go through the reign of the Antichrist and the Tribulation.

God was not to be found at Haight-Ashbury, nor on the Hippie Trail nor at Woodstock. The Sixties ironically had the patterns of the Kingdom of God. Notice the close similarity between psalms and rock songs. But the rock songs mostly put romance in place of God. Finding the Holy Spirit was replaced by getting high. The angels of the Sixties were girls in miniskirts.

There was a Christian side to the Sixties counterculture, the Jesus Movement, and there was a Christian version of Woodstock, Explo 72 in Dallas. But this was a relatively minor part of the total counterculture movement.

But can you believe the predominance of the number 19 in relation to the prophecies of the "Last Days"?

7 is an important number in the beginning of the Bible. There were 7 days in a week and the Book of Revelation describes the 7 spirits of God. 12 is another important number, there were 12 tribes and then 12 apostles and the Book of Revelation describes the 12 precious stones used in the foundations of the New Jerusalem.

If we add 7 and 12 we get 19. So shouldn't 19 also be an important number, maybe later in the events leading up to the "Last Days"?

We saw that there was a 19-year delay between the prophecied reestablishment of Jerusalem and the addition of the original city of Jerusalem. There is a 1 and a 9 in 9/11 when, with 19 days left in September, 19 hijackers flew planes into buildings. This changed the world 19 years before a virus, Covid-19, would also change the world.

Here is our visit to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

https://markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2016/02/esau-and-temple-mount.html?m=0

The Misnomer Of "Gravitational Waves"

"Gravitational waves" were in the news again recently.

The so-called "gravitational waves" that were predicted by Einstein's Relativity theory have, in recent years, been detected a number of times. The waves can be detected with an arrangement of lasers.

Sometimes things get misnamed. Something that is misnamed is called a "misnomer". One scientific misnomer is "cosmic rays". When energy was discovered coming from space, it was initially presumed that it was radiation. By the time it was found to be particles, rather than radiation, the name "cosmic rays" had already stuck.

But I am thinking that "gravitational waves" is also going to end up being a misnomer.

Referring to the waves as "gravitational" implies mass, since mass is the only thing that produces gravity. But yet great explosions, such as supernova and gamma ray bursts, do not seem to produce "gravitational waves". 

A supernova is the sudden explosion of a large star, scattering it's component matter across space. Since the supernova involves a tremendous redistribution of the mass which produces gravity, it seems logical that something like this would be what produces gravitational waves. But, as far as I am aware, gravitational waves have never been found to be produced by a supernova.

Neither does a great impact close by, such as the impact of a meteor on the earth, seem to produce any "gravitational waves". No such waves have been detected coming from a volcanic eruption, even though this involves a sudden redistribution of the mass that is associated with gravity.

The only thing that seems to produce "gravitational waves" is collisions between astronomical bodies that are not composed of ordinary atoms, namely black holes and neutron stars, even though gravity is associated with mass and these collisions may involve nowhere near the mass, or relocation of mass, of a supernova explosion.

Although they may not be as massive as large stars, what is different about neutron stars and black holes is that they are not composed of intact atoms. Both are composed of super-dense matter where the structure of atoms has collapsed.

The vast majority of an atom is empty space. The structure of an atom is sometimes compared with a sports stadium. The nucleus of the atom would be about the size of a strawberry, in the middle of the playing field, if the outer edge of the stadium represented the orbitals of the outermost electrons.

Sometimes the structure of atoms can collapse, due to extreme gravity. A neutron star is, as the name implies, composed of neutrons. The structure of the atoms has collapsed and electrons have been crunched into protons, the process known as K-capture, to form neutrons. 

The matter of a neutron star is dense in the extreme. A little bit of it would weigh millions of tons. The matter composing a black hole has collapsed even further than that of a neutron star so that there is no discernible unit, such as neutrons, to the matter of the black hole.

So the term "gravitational waves" implies that mass, and it's dislocation, is what counts in producing the waves. But yet objects made of atoms, including ordinary stars, never seem to produce gravitational waves upon colliding, no matter how massive they are. The waves only seem to result from collisions of super-dense matter, where the structures of the atoms has collapsed due to extreme gravity, such as black holes and neutron stars.

It seems that the two largest stars in the universe wouldn't create any gravitational waves if they collided, but relatively small neutron stars or black holes colliding would. So it is the density of the mass that counts, rather than the mass itself.

Another thing that is interesting is that "gravitational waves" are detected on earth only by lasers, and not by any effects that they have on mass.

Considering my cosmology theory, this actually reveals what space is and how the universe operates.

What is happening is simple, but so far it has not been explained why "gravitational waves" are only produced by collisions of super-dense, rather than super-massive objects.

In my cosmology theory, described in the compound posting on this blog, "The Theory Of Stationary Space", space is composed of an alternating checkerboard pattern of negative and positive electric charges, in multiple dimensions. Matter is strings of like charges, held together against their mutual repulsion by energy. Electromagnetic waves are disturbances in the pattern of charges in space, they seem to be electromagnetic in nature because they disturb the usually-perfect underlying balance in space.

A collision between two astronomical bodies can actually tear the fabric of the negative and positive charges of space. A charge will induce an opposite charge, to balance itself, if there is no charge already next to it. This is what happened in the beginning of the universe, my cosmology theory explains  down to a single electric charge.

The rush to fill the empty space resulting from the tear, by inducing new charges so that every charge is surrounded by opposite charges, creates a disturbance in space because opposite charges attract while like charges repel. This disturbance is what creates the waves that are detected on earth.

This means that "Space Waves", or "Electric Waves", would probably be a better name than "gravitational waves", since the waves are actually not related to gravity. This explains why the waves can be detected on earth by lasers, but not by any effect that it has on mass.

This shows, of course, that my cosmology theory must be correct. It is the only way to explain why the waves are caused by density, and not by mass.

The fabric of the alternating electric charges in space is strong, but not infinitely strong. A collision of ordinary stars does not tear it because stars are made of atoms, and the vast majority of an atom is empty space. It is only the super-dense matter of a neutron star or black hole, jarred by a sudden collision, that can tear it.

Also notice that the rotation of a neutron star or black hole does not tear the fabric of space, and create the waves, only a sudden collision. This shows, as explained in my cosmology theory, that nothing is actually moving, except our consciouses along the bundles of strings comprising our bodies and brains at what we perceive as the speed of light. What we perceive as the rotation of an astronomical object is really the strings of matter composing it wrapped around each other. Even the collision is not actually happening now, it has already happened when the universe was formed and our consciousness is only just arriving at it now.

It has never before been explained why so-called "gravitational waves" are not related to mass at all but are only caused by collisions of super-dense objects, where the structure of atoms has collapsed. For a quick explanation of the cosmology theory, see the posting on this blog "In Cosmology, Everything Just Fell Right Into Place":

http://markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2019/05/in-cosmology-everything-just-fell-right.html?m=0

The Apple Tree Prophecy

 Could it be that the biblical story of Adam and Eve falling by eating the Forbidden Fruit is also a prophecy? The fruit opened their eyes, giving them wisdom and knowledge that they had not had before, but also brought about their fall from paradise into sin.

Far in the distant future, Sir Isaac Newton was at home in Lincolnshire. One day, he saw an apple fall from a tree. According to some accounts, he was sitting under the tree and the apple hit him on the head.

It was a revolutionary moment because he suddenly realized that the universe was governed by a force that he called gravity.

Around the same time, Newton discerned the nature of light and color. He developed calculus, which he called "fluxions". During this great year of discovery, he set out the principles of mechanics.

Telescopes were being used to look into space. Galileo's telescope revealed things that had never before been seen, such as the craters on the moon and the moons of Jupiter. But a telescope based on lenses is strictly limited in size, and thus power, because a lens can only be supported by it's edges, and a large lens will sag under it's own weight.

Newton got the idea of basing a telescope on a concave mirror, which wasn't limited in size because it can be supported from beneath. This is known as a reflecting, or Newtonian, telescope, as opposed to a refracting telescope based on lenses. Modern astronomy has revolved around reflecting telescopes. Although the refracting design might be preferable for small portable telescopes because the mirrors of a reflecting telescope can be knocked out of alignment.

This streak of discoveries by Sir Isaac Newton is considered as the beginning of modern science.

Just like Adam and Eve's Forbidden Fruit, the fall of Isaac Newton's apple gave humanity knowledge and understanding that it had not had before. Unlike the Forbidden Fruit, the development of modern science was not forbidden to humans. The world now had the Word of God and were (hopefully) mature enough to handle the wisdom and knowledge that had been withheld from them earlier.

The knowledge of science, and the technology that it brought, certainly made life easier in many ways. But it has also made wars far more deadly and destructive. Can you believe that the Nobel Peace Prize was founded by the inventor of high explosives? We have now gained the ability to destroy civilization by pressing a few buttons, as well as to destroy the environment that we depend on to survive.

As I have written here before, if I had to describe our times in one sentence it would be; "We have reached the point where we can change the world faster than we can adapt to the changes that we have made in the world".

Along with the wonders of communication technology came the ability of governments to conduct surveillance of people. It is interesting that Newton's wonderful year of discovery was 1666, and the Bible tells us that the number of the Antichrist will be 666.

We saw the importance of the number 19 to the biblical prophecies of the Last Days in the recent posting on this blog, "The Nineteen Prophecy", August 2020. Notice that the digits in the year 1666 add up to 19.

Again, the reason that 19 is an important number is that two especially important numbers in the Bible were 7 and 12. God chose for there to be 7 days in a week and there were 12 tribes of Israel before there were 12 apostles. If we add 7 and 12 we get 19. 7 was important early, at the time of creation. 12 was important later, so it makes sense that 19 would be important in the Last Days.

For one thing, Newton's streak of discoveries that began with the fall of an apple began not as part of his academic career at Cambridge but because he was home because everything was shut down by the plague. In the future there would be another pandemic and the changes it would bring about are leading to the reign of the Antichrist, as we saw in the posting on this blog "The End Of The World As We Know It", June 2020.

The digits of the year of Newton's furlough at home due to the plague, 1666, add up to 19. The future pandemic preceding the Antichrist, whose number is 666 and would be made possible by the science and technology made possible by Newton's discoveries during that year, would be Covid-19.

This is about science and mathematics, not about prophecy, but I am a great fan of the Inverse Square Law that Sir Isaac Newton used to describe the operation of gravity. My thought is that we could be getting a lot more out of the Inverse Square Law. We saw this in the compound posting on this blog, "A Celebration Of The Inverse Square Law",

http://markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2015/08/?m=0 

Rotation And Cosmology

Planets and stars tend to rotate because that actually represents a lower information state. For the planet or star to not rotate it would be necessary to align it in a particular way in space, with the stars always in the same fixed position in the sky.

But that would make it necessary to choose one of the possible alignments, to the exclusion of all the others. That choice would be information and we see in the theory on this blog, "The Lowest Information Point", December 2017, that the universe always seeks The Lowest Information Point. 

So what the universe does is have the planet or star cycle through all possible alignments. In other words, the planet or star rotates. This involves less information than having the planet or star fixed in one position, because the choice of that position would require information.

But to rotate, the star or planet must do so around a fixed axis, and that axis must be aligned in a particular direction in space, to the exclusion of all possible other directions along which the axis could possibly be aligned.

So there is a choice that has to be made, even though the planet or star is rotating so that the universe does not have to make a choice of how the planet or star is to be aligned in space. The choice is in which direction the axis of rotation will be aligned, to the exclusion of all other possible directions.

But this is not a choice that absolutely has to be made. The universe could reach a still lower state of information if it had to.

Complete rotation is possible. At any given time rotation must be around a defined axis. The definition of that axis is a choice that must be made. But, just like the planet or star to avoid a choice, the axis around which it rotates could itself rotate around the star along a line of longitude.

But then that line of longitude would have to be a choice out of all possible lines of longitude around which the axis of rotation could itself rotate.

However the universe could avoid making that choice by having that longitudinal path of the axis of rotation rotate itself around the planet. 

This could be described as complete rotation of the star or planet. No choices would have to be made. The universe would achieve the lowest information state by not only having the planet or star rotates, but having the axis of rotation rotate, and then having the longitudinal plane through which the axis of rotation rotated itself rotate.

This could be described as "complete rotation" and would enable the planet or star to achieve the lowest information point by avoiding any choices.

Yet this is not what happens. Planets and stars rotate, around their rotational axis, but that axis remains in a fixed position, at least over very long periods of time. There is not as much rotation as there could possibly be, not complete rotation.

So if the universe does all it can to get to the Lowest Information Point, why doesn't it go all the way with "complete rotation"?

The only possible answer is that there must be some information already there. The universe avoids choosing a directional alignment by rotating but doesn't need to avoid choosing the one dimensional axis of rotation.

That means there must be the information of one dimension already there and so the universe does not have to make a choice.

Remember that in my cosmology theory, detailed in the compound posting on this blog, "The Theory Of Stationary Space", July 2017, the matter of the universe began with a two-dimensional sheet of space that was within, but not contiguous with, the multi-dimensional background space.

Everything in the universe, both space and matter, is composed of nearly infinitesimal negative and positive electric charges. The basic rules of the charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel, but these rules can be overcome by energy. Planck's Length is the nearly infinitesimal length that shows up in so many physics formulas, that is because it is the size of one of these electric charges. Matter consists of like charges held together against their mutual repulsion by energy. This is why matter consists of charged particles such as electrons. The energy that holds the like charges together in matter is the well-known Mass-Energy Equivalence, and is what gives matter it's mass. If the two electric charges are equal then the two rules of attraction and repulsion must also be equal. If matter involves overcoming the repulsive force between like charges then it must leave a net attractive force involving matter. There is indeed an attractive force between matter, it is known as gravity. Energy overcoming the attractive force between opposite charges in space is what results in electromagnetic waves.

Charge migration took place within the two-dimensional sheet of space, positive charges more to one side and negative charges to the other side, due to the attractive and repulsive forces of the electric charges in the background space so that the charge migration brought about a lower energy state.

But since this original two-dimensional sheet of space, from which matter originated, was not contiguous with the surrounding background space, that caused the more-negative side of the sheet to contact the more-positive side, after charge migration had taken place.

The resulting matter-antimatter annihilation is what we see as the Big Bang which began the universe. One of the two dimensions of the sheet disintegrated and it's energy was released into the surrounding space. The remaining one dimension of the sheet remained as the very long one-dimensional strings of which matter, in my cosmology theory, is composed.

This is why matter is composed of charged particles, such as negatively-charged electrons. The particles are composed of bundles of one-dimensional strings with an electric charge.

The reason that we see matter as composed of particles, rather than strings, is that we can only see in three of the four dimensions of the background space over which the one-dimensional strings are scattered. The other dimension is what we perceive as time.

This explains why we can readily detect the radiation from the Big Bang but cannot determine the direction from which it is coming. If we lived in three dimensions then we should be able to pinpoint the direction from which the radiation is coming, instead it seems to be coming equally from all directions in space.

The only way to explain this is that there must be a dimension of space that we cannot see and the radiation must be coming from that direction. We perceive the Big Bang as being in our past, actually the beginning of time.

Our consciousness moves along the bundles of strings composing our bodies and brains at what we perceive as the speed of light. That is why everything in Special Relativity revolves around the speed of light but we can find no real reason why the speed of light is what it is, instead of some other speed.

Now we can see what time really is. There was no satisfactory explanation to be found anywhere as to what time actually is. So I figured it out for myself and that was the beginning of this theory.

So this brings us back to the rotation of stars and planets across the universe. The purpose of the rotation is so that no choice would have to be made as to directional alignment, because being able to avoid the choice gives the universe a lower information state. 

But the one-dimensional axis of rotation is able to be defined, even though it doesn't necessarily have to be, and that can only be because the information of one dimension was already there, in the one-dimensional strings of which all matter, in my cosmology theory, is composed.

This cosmology theory, "The Theory Of Stationary Space", is again shown to be correct. The basis of the theory, described above, is simple but we can go on and on adding all of the things that it explains, beginning with what time actually is, that cannot otherwise be explained.

I believe that the reason cosmology hasn't progressed further than it has is actually religion. We have applied the patterns of religion by making Albert Einstein into a prophet-like figure. This hinders us in moving beyond his theories of Relativity.

Zoar Valley Of Western New York State

There was a recent tragedy in Zoar Valley, a scenic hiking area of far western New York State, but it got me thinking about how it fit into the compound posting on the geology blog, "All About The Appalachians".

Zoar Valley meets the beginning of what I have named the Humber Line, at a right angle. The southeastern beginning of the Humber Line is the valley in which the town of Boston, NY is located. How is it possible for two valleys to form at right angles to one another? It is explained by my scenario of the tectonic collision which formed the mountains and ridge systems of the Appalachians. The two valleys meet at the town of Springville.

The sliding tectonic collision between what was then Africa and what was then North America formed the Appalachians. The fact that the collision was gradual and sliding, rather than direct, is what explains the ridge systems of the Appalachians. The direction of the collision shifted from northwestward to northward as the collision front approached the Canadian Shield, which is the dense layer of rock that underlies the eastern half of Canada.

The ridges and mountains of the Appalachians undergo a gradual curve, the "focal point" of this curve is the city of Harrisburg in Pennsylvania. As the collision thrust changed direction along the curve, from northwestward to northward, friction between the two land masses came into play. What was then Africa pulled some of the rock strata of what was then North America along with it.

But when the collision thrust was just northward, friction ceased to be a major factor and the force of the collision simply pushed the land of what was then North America northward.

This is why we see two valleys at right angles, some distance to the north of the mountains and ridges of the Appalachians. Zoar Valley, which runs parallel to the Appalachians, was formed by the frictional element of the tectonic collision as the change in the collision front pulled the land to the north to the east. Zoar Valley abruptly ends, and the Humber Line proceeds north at a right angle to the Zoar Valley at the westernmost limit of the land that was pushed to the north with the direct force of the tectonic collision.

For more about natural history discoveries in this area, which involves the sliding tectonic collision that created the Appalachian Mountains, see the posting "Niagara Natural History Summary", June 2019.

http://www.markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2019/06/niagara-natural-history-summary.html?m=0

America And Royalty

 I was an immigrant to America when I was a child, having lived in Britain and Canada before. Let me tell you about the greatest surprise about living in America.

I knew that America was a republic, there was no royalty or nobility. We recited the Pledge of Allegiance every morning in school, which emphasized that America was a republic.

America was led by a president, whose wife was the First Lady, and there was a vice-president. There was to be no royalty here.

But if we wanted to go out for food, there was Burger King and Dairy Queen. The nearest department store was named King's. A popular local brand of frozen food was Freezer Queen.

Someone was always being billed as the "King of this" or the "Queen of that". Elvis Presley was the "King of Rock And Roll" and Aretha Franklin was the "Queen of Soul".

Portions were often described as "King-sized" or "Queen-sized". Innumerable products and businesses had "Palace", "Royal" or, "Crown" in their names, or a crown in their logo.

A popular soft drink was Royal Crown Cola and a top-shelf whiskey that was advertised was Crown Royal Whiskey.

Many products for girls had "Princess" in their titles. The local high schools were sometimes in the news with their Class Princesses, Prom Queens and Homecoming Queens.

Decks of cards that were used for games in America still had a king and queen.

The nickname of nearby Buffalo was the "Queen City", because it was the largest city in New York State after New York City. But one of the boroughs of New York City was named Queens and the nickname of New York State was "The Empire State", as if it was ruled by an emperor.

Americans followed Britain's royal family at least as closely as Brits or Canadians and, really incredibly, the presidency of John F. Kennedy, one of America's most popular presidents, was nicknamed "Camelot", which was the court of the legendary King Arthur.

Shouldn't Elvis Presley have been the President of Rock and Roll and Aretha Franklin the First Lady of Soul? Wouldn't it sound more like a republic if Buffalo's nickname was the Vice-President City? Doesn't "Burger President" sound more patriotic for Americans than Burger King?

But this is a very good illustration of how historical momentum works. Royalty has been removed from America's official sphere but is thriving in it's unofficial sphere. 

The world has been ruled by royalty since the beginning of civilization, and the drafting of a constitution isn't going to change that. In America, royalty has just been shifted from the official sphere to the unofficial sphere.

The same principle sometimes applies to economics. Markets have been where buying and selling has been done for thousands of years, typically with haggling or negotiating over prices. If a government tries to go against this history by fixing prices, the usual result will be an unofficial "black market", where buyers can get what they want but at "real" prices.

Historical momentum can also be seen in something like the Caste System of India. The Indian Constitution of today does not recognize the Caste System, but the historical momentum of centuries is not going to just go away.

Explosion In Beirut

"WOW" is all that I can say about the port explosion in Beirut and how it ties several of our prophecies in the compound posting on this blog, "The Aztec Prophecy", April 2018, together.

But I would also like to express sympathy for this catastrophe. We saw how important Beirut has been to the world in our visit there, in May 2018. It was the Phoenicians who developed the first alphabet.

In the section of "The Aztec Prophecy" April 2018, 17) THE SACRED NUMEROLOGY OF BUFFALO, the city of Buffalo, NY is closely linked to Beirut, on the other side of the world, by the explosion of a warehouse in Buffalo.

Beirut is located at the geographical center of the famous prophecy of four successive empires that will dominate the world, represented by a metal statue, in the Book of Daniel, Chapter 2.

Now there has been the tragic explosion in Beirut that was strikingly similar to the one in Buffalo, although much more deadly. The explosion in Beirut ties the prophecies involving the Buffalo area together and to 21) THE RED PROPHECY.

21) THE RED PROPHECY begins with Cairo being founded as Mars was rising in the sky. Mars, the Red Planet the color of blood, represented war. The name of Cairo means "victory".

The Red Prophecy links Egypt to a far distant country, Vietnam, through the color red and Vietnam's great victory over Mongol ships in the Red River at the same time Cairo was being founded.

The great red cloud of smoke that rose from the explosion in Beirut was exactly the same color as the planet Mars.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars#/media/File:OSIRIS_Mars_true_color.jpg 

It is so significant that Mars should now be linked with Beirut because Beirut is at the geographical center of the land that was common to all four successive empires that were to dominate the world in the future in the prophecy in the Book of Daniel, because Mars is the fourth planet from the sun.

In "The Aztec Prophecy", section 15) THE FIRST NIAGARA PROPHECY, involves the grain silos in downtown Niagara Falls. This is one of the things that links Niagara Falls to Egypt, as the ancient Egyptians invented grain silos.

The crown of Egyptian pharaohs was red and white, symbolizing the union between Upper and Lower Egypt. The silos in downtown Niagara Falls were originally painted red and white. Look at how this cloud of smoke appears exactly like the red and white crown of Egypt that we saw in 15) THE FIRST NIAGARA PROPHECY.

https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=929&bih=928&ei=PbQxX-P0H9ywytMPuZe-iAI&q=beirut+explosion&oq=Beirut&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIABADMggIABCxAxCDATIECAAQAzIECAAQAzIECAAQAzIECAAQAzIICAAQsQMQgwEyBAgAEAMyBAgAEAMyBAgAEAM6BQgAELEDOgIIAFCtG1isJmCVOGgBcAB4AIABXYgB0wOSAQE2mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWewAQA&sclient=img#imgrc=PW-9gV9cSqKUEM 

Here is the red and white ancient Egyptian crown, known as the Pschent.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pschent#/media/File:Double_crown.svg 

The founders of Cairo, in the days long before telescopes, could not have known it but Mars has white seasonal polar caps so it is the same colors as that of the crowns of the pharaohs long before. Also we now know that, except for the atmosphere and the Nile River, the landscape of Mars is strikingly similar to that of Egypt.

The flag of Lebanon, where the explosion took place, is the same red and white colors as the crown. It is interesting that there is the tree on the flag of Lebanon, one of the cedars that represent the country, because another famous prophecy in the Book of Daniel, in Chapter 4, is Nebuchadnezzar's dream of a tree.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Lebanon#/media/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg 

Actually there was a grain silo right by the warehouse that exploded in Beirut. It was very similar to the silo in 15) THE FIRST NIAGARA PROPHECY. The "Crown" of red and white smoke was above this silo just as the silo in The Niagara Prophecy was originally painted red and white. Notice how the silo is destroyed by the explosion but is still standing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosions#/media/File%3ADamages_after_2020_Beirut_explosions_1.jpg

The way that the silo by the site of the explosion in Beirut is destroyed, but still standing, further links it to the silo in The First Niagara Prophecy. Timothy McVeigh was from near Niagara Falls. The truck bomb that he set off used ammonium nitrate, the same chemical that exploded in Beirut, and left the Murrah Federal Building destroyed but still standing in exactly the same way as the silo in Beirut.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing#/media/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 

In the following photo, on the left, the cloud of white smoke forms the image of a man behind the red smoke. Scroll down a little bit to see it.

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a33513769/beirut-explosion-cause-video-mushroom-cloud/

In fact, it looks just like the Michelin Man, the mascot of the French tire company.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Man#/media/File:2008TaipeiCycle_Day3_Michelin.jpg

This reflects the link between Egypt and distant Vietnam that we saw in "The Red Prophecy", and adds Beirut to the link. The president of France made a high-profile visit to Beirut following the explosion.

Vietnam, like Lebanon, had been a French colony. Michelin had a vast rubber plantation west of Saigon. Some believe that protecting this plantation was a primary reason behind first France, and then America, going to war in Vietnam.

So the red smoke, the color of Mars, represents Cairo and Egypt and the white smoke, in the form of the "Michelin Man" links it to Vietnam.

The explosion in Beirut happened on August 4. That is the anniversary of the 1972 event when dozens of naval mines, air dropped by the U.S. in Haiphong Harbor during the Vietnam War, detonated because of a solar storm.

It must have been the explosion of the ages. although I don't know if it injured anyone. The mines were designed to detonate upon the change in magnetic field caused by a passing ship. But a solar storm caused them to detonate. This event was part of "The Red Prophecy".

The date of August 4, 8/4 or 4/8, is interesting because there were four successive empires in the prophecy in the Book of Daniel, as described above, and the building destroyed by Timothy McVeigh was eight stories while the warehouse in Buffalo and the barracks that were destroyed in Beirut by 1983 explosions were both four stories. Again, the ammonium nitrate that exploded in Beirut was the same chemical used by Timothy McVeigh.

This pattern in the smoke from the explosion of an image of a man in white smoke emerging from the red smoke, which is the color of Mars, is just so interesting because the Book of Revelation describes Satan as "a red dragon". Chapter 6, about the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, portrays the Antichrist, who is defined in the Book as getting his power from the Dragon, as the rider on the white horse. The red horse represents war.

So this involves the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and the four present and future empires that will dominate the world in the Book of Daniel. Beirut is in the geographical center of the area that was common to all four of those empires. Beirut has now been linked to Mars, which stands for war and is the fourth planet. 

We saw in "The Sacred Numerology Of Buffalo" the significance that both the warehouse in Buffalo that exploded and the barracks in Beirut that was bombed were both four-story buildings.

The sections of "The Aztec Prophecy" that are linked by the explosion in Beirut, in order of significance, are:

17) THE SACRED NUMEROLOGY OF BUFFALO

21) THE RED PROPHECY and,

15) THE FIRST NIAGARA PROPHECY

Does it look like I am making this up? If I wrote that I saw a miracle and asked you to just believe me, that would be one thing. But you can check everything that I write here for yourself. I could not have written anything in those prophecies after the fact because countless readers have already read them, and may have copied and pasted them.

I am still greatly surprised that it had never been pointed out that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula, which made for a great light show in the sky, was going on while the momentous split in the church, that shapes the world to this day, was taking place in the year 1054.

The Natural History Of The Flu

The ordinary flu is at a kind of idealized equilibrium with humans. It produces symptoms in those it infects, coughing and sneezing, that are necessary to spread the flu to other people. But the symptoms are usually not severe enough to keep home everyone, or even a majority of people, who have the symptoms. The symptoms are mild enough that even those who do stay at home because of them rarely stay at home until the body has completely overcome the flu.

Humans develop immunity to the flu. But the flu mutates into different strains and it is necessary to become immune to each one. Many strains of the flu have a similarity to ones that came before. This is why many people get the flu less as they get older. There is typically one strain in late autumn and another later on in the winter.

But what this says is that humans and the flu have a long history together, and have been continuously adapting to each other by natural selection.

Imagine yourself in the flu's position. You naturally want to spread as much as possible. A virus is not actually alive, it is just bits of genetic code that instructs it's host what to do.

The first thing that the virus instructs the host, in our case humans, to do is to produce many copies of the virus. This is how the virus spreads.

Unlike illnesses caused by bacteria, the virus is not actually alive. A virus cannot move by itself. It relies on something else to move it so that it can spread.

That is where the symptoms come in, in our case coughing and sneezing. The virus needs these symptoms in order to spread to other people. Our bodies try to expel the virus, after creating multiple copies of it, but this is what the virus needs to spread.

Can you see how the virus has reached an idealized equilibrium with it's human hosts?

It has to irritate it's hosts enough to get them to develop the symptoms that spread it, after replicating it, coughing and sneezing. But yet it has to be mild enough so that people who have the flu will not stay home and away from other people, at least not most of the time.

A flu cannot be so mild that it's hosts do not develop the symptoms associated with expelling it from the body, because that is what it requires to spread. But yet the symptoms cannot be too severe, certainly not deadly, because that would keep the host away from other people and the virus would not spread.

The way that the virus must have adapted itself to this idealized equilibrium with humans is through natural selection, over a long period of time. By random chance, due to background radiation and other factors, some virus strains will develop that are more or less contagious than others. Some strains will emerge that are more in harmony with the host, so that they produce less severe symptoms, or less in harmony with the host so that they produce more severe symptoms and can be more deadly.

Eventually the idealized equilibrium that the flu has with us today came to be. The flu has to irritate our bodies enough so that we try to expel it, by coughing and sneezing, because that is what spreads it to other people. But yet those symptoms have to be mild enough so that people do not mostly stay home and so not spread the virus.

Humans developed immunity to the flu but the virus found a way around that, through natural selection, by mutating into different strains. But we can see how people tend to get the flu less as they get older.

This is because the flu has not yet had time to adapt to the fact that human life expectancy has significantly increased in modern times. The virus has not yet developed enough strains so that people past a certain age will get a virus that is different enough from any that they have already developed immunity to for them to catch it.

The great danger with other viruses, such as the Spanish Flu and Ebola, is that they do not have this long history together with humans. They may have jumped from animals to humans.

The conclusion is that the flu was once deadlier than it is today, but not usually deadly enough to "put itself out of business". The flu gradually got milder, through natural selection which favored milder strains because they were more successful in spreading the virus because people were less likely to stay home, and away from other people, if they had a milder strain of the virus.

It may have been that, if a strain of the virus was easier to replicate, that meant it would be more in harmony with it's host and symptoms would thus be milder. The strain would thus be doubly-favored, by being more contagious and also more mild. But a strain that was too mild would die out because the symptoms, coughing and sneezing, are necessary to spread the virus.

Archeology, Plastic And, Space Exploration

In the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries, momentous discoveries were made in archeology. There were excavations of Assyria and Babylon. 

Perhaps the most famous single discovery of the time was that of King Tut's Tomb. King Tut had not been an exceptional pharaoh, actually dying in his teens. What is so significant about his tomb is that, unlike nearly all of the other royal tombs, it still contained all of it's riches because it had been missed by ancient grave robbers. The unearthing of the entire city of Ur, in Mesopotamia, captivated the world.

At around the same time it was the Gilded Age with people building fabulous wealth through business. The modern era of "big business", with widely-known corporate brands, was taking shape.

I have long thought that there is a strong connection between the two. Archeological discoveries, much of which was of a relatively mundane nature such as bookkeeping on clay tablets, has had a great effect on the development of the logos and packaging of consumer goods.

In the backs of our minds, archeology reminds us that someday our times will be ancient times. But the archeological future of our times is complicated by our use of paper, and then digital, to store information. Unlike the clay tablets and carvings in stone of ancient times, our digital data will be utterly lost and paper, unless it is carefully preserved, does not last for centuries.

We have seen this already, in the posting "Archeological Representation", November 2012 on the World And Economics Blog, http://markmeekeconomics.blogspot.com/2012/11/archeological-representation.html

On the other hand our use of plastic has a great effect on the archeological future of our times. Most plastics are very resistant to environmental degradation and can last for a very long time.

There is also no erosion in space, other than the impacts of micrometeorites. The remnants of lunar missions, the footprints of the astronauts, and the tire tracks of the lunar rovers, may easily last for many thousands of years.

Likewise, since the moon has no atmosphere which can cause orbits to decay, spent rocket stages and abandoned command modules may be in orbit around the moon and the sun, waiting to be examined by future archeologists, for thousands of years.

Mars has an atmosphere, but it is thin and mostly composed of inert carbon dioxide. Mars seems to have had water at one time, but not to have water or weather now. This will preserve all of the spacecraft that have landed on Mars.

Then there are the spacecraft that have gone on through interplanetary space, and on into interstellar space, meaning beyond our Solar System.

What about on earth, corporate logos and names particularly on plastic packaging that can last a very long time? I have long believed that part of the underlying psychology behind advertising and packaging is a thought of how we will be remembered beyond our time, prompted by news of spectacular archeological discoveries.

In exploring ancient Egypt, it was found that pharaohs were represented by a logo that enclosed the pharaoh's name and very much resembled a modern corporate logo. It was known as a cartouche. Could it be that a cartouche is actually the ancestor of corporate logos?

The landfills of today could be the archeological digs of the future. Archeologists two thousand years from now might uncover a landfill that was active in the late Twentieth and early Twenty-First Centuries. By comparison with what was recovered from other landfills of that era, it will enter studies of ancient history that McDonald's and Burger King had many widespread locations but that Dave's Sub Shop was unique to the town that the landfill once served.

It is human nature to occasionally give some thought to how we, and our times, will be perceived by future generations. Archeology is nothing new, there were archeologists in ancient times. But the fantastic archeological discoveries of relatively recent times has given it a whole new dimension. Time capsules have become popular as a way of communicating, at least one-way, with the future.

Although I do not suppose that it is documented anywhere, is this maybe part of the underlying reason that we do not incinerate or recycle trash more? It is not that we want to litter but we subconsciously want to leave behind landfills full of plastic artifacts, to be sure that the future will not forget us since all of our digital data will almost certainly be inaccessible.

Remember that the Space Age was also the Nuclear Age, and the Nuclear Age came first. Could it be that part of the underlying reason for space exploration was that, knowing there was a chance that our days might be numbered unless we could send colonies of people into space, it would at least leave behind artifacts for future generations, safe from destruction, just as past generations had done for our generation?

Remember that the two spacecraft's Voyager I and Voyager 2, launched in 1977, contained extensive time capsules, and messages to anyone who might find them. This included representations of what humans look like and recordings of music.

I consider this as representing an important part of what the Space Age, as well as packaging and corporate logos, are all about.

The Nineteen Prophecy

Has anyone ever thought of this?

We know that the number 7 is important in the Bible. One of the first things in the Bible is that God created a seven-day week by creating the world and universe in six days and then resting on the seventh day. One of the first things in the Book of Revelation is a description of the Seven Spirits of God. The Book of Daniel has the "Weeks of Years" prophecy.

Another important number in the Bible is twelve. There was the Twelve Tribes of Israel and then the Twelve Apostles of Jesus.

Since these two numbers are so important in the Bible, what would we get if we added them together so that 7+12=19?

We can see that, in the story of the Bible, the importance of seven came before that of twelve. The number nineteen does not show any unusual significance in the story of the Bible but, since it is an addition of the two, maybe it's significance may not show up until later.

The next major chronological story in the Bible is that of the Apocalypse. Could it be that, in the time leading up to the fulfillment of the prophecies, that there will be interesting things happening that involves the number nineteen?

We saw how the world is approaching the fulfillment of the Bible prophecies of the "Last Days", in our time, in the posting on this blog, "The End Of The World As We Know It", June 2020.

The one-lifetime countdown to the establishment of the Kingdom of Jesus on earth, following the reign of the Antichrist and the Apocalypse, is the original city of Jerusalem coming back under Jewish control after a long time under Gentile control.

This occurred in 1967. But there had been a nineteen-year delay between the ancient nation of Israel being reestablished, in 1948, and the addition of the original city of Jerusalem in 1967.

We saw what could be the reason for this nineteen-year delay, to give the new generation coming of age in the 1960s a chance to build the Millennial Kingdom themselves without going through the Apocalypse, in the compound posting on this blog, New Insight Into Bible Prophecy" October 2016, in the section 17) CROSSING THE RED SEA.

There is no nineteenth month on our calendar. But the modern cycle of conflict, in the new millennium began on 9/11, which includes a 1 and a 9, when nineteen hijackers flew planes into buildings.

The modern era of terrorism, at least in the U.S., involving simple mass killing without the hostage-taking that had typified terrorism in the past, could be said to have begun with the truck bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City by Timothy McVeigh.

But did that bombing presage 9/11? The bombing occurred on April 19, which is 4/19. Later, four planes would be flown to their targets by nineteen hijackers. Timothy McVeigh would be executed on June 11, exactly three months before 9/11, and only three of the four planes on 9/11 would reach their targets.

Nineteen years after the attack by the nineteen hijackers would be the unforgettable year of Covid-19. It was so-named because it was discovered in 2019. In fact, it was identified on December 19.

In the world as a whole the modern era of terrorism, again meaning simply to kill as many people as possible to make some point with meaning beyond the perpetrators which differentiates it from mass shootings, could be said to have begun with Iran's Cinema Rex fire of August 19, 1978. Previous terrorism almost always involved taking hostages.

The number of the Antichrist is 666. 7 is the number of God and 6 represents falling short of God, just as the three sixes added together to get 18 represents falling short of 19.

The creation in seven days represents a direct action by God. The twelve tribes and then the twelve apostles, humans who are to bring the Word of God to the world, represent not a direct action by God but actions by humans on behalf of God. The establishment of the Kingdom of Jesus on earth, following the Apocalypse, will go back to being a direct action by Jesus and beyond human power.

Notice that the numbers representing direct divine power, 7 and 19, are prime numbers. But the number representing human activity on behalf of God, 12, is a very divisible number, the direct opposite of a prime number.

Orbitals In Atoms And Orbits In Space

The orbitals of electrons around nuclei in atoms is very similar to the much-larger scale orbits of moons around planets and planets around stars. But there is one crucial difference that I think should get more attention because it reveals a lot about the underlying electrical nature of the universe.

The difference between the two confirms the principle seen in my cosmology theory, described in the compound posting on this blog, "The Theory Of Stationary Space", that both space and matter is composed of nearly-infinitesimal negative and positive electric charges. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel. Empty space is a perfectly alternating pattern of the negative and positive charges. Matter is any concentration of like charges, held together against their mutual repulsion by energy.

This energy that holds the like charges of matter together against their mutual repulsion is why matter has mass. It also explains why a certain mass is equivalent to a certain amount of energy, the well-known Mass-Energy Equivalence.

Antimatter is like matter except that the electric charges are reversed from ordinary matter. Positively-charged positrons are in atomic orbitals around negatively-charged anti-protons. When matter and antimatter are reacted together, the electric charges composing both realign back into the alternating pattern of empty space and the fantastic burst of energy that is released is the energy that had been holding like charges of each together against their mutual repulsion.

Matter, as opposed to space, is where there is energy holding together like electric charges against their mutual repulsion. But if the two electric charges, negative and positive, are equal then the two rules of electric charges, that opposite charges attract and like charges repel, must also be equal. If matter is where energy overcomes the rule that like charges repel, that means there must be a net attractive force involving matter.

There is indeed an attractive force involving matter. It is what we call gravity, and this explains what it is.

If energy can overcome the repulsive force between like charges to create matter, then energy should also be able to overcome the attractive force between opposite charges. That is what creates electromagnetic radiation and is why using energy to move electrons along a radio antenna, overcoming the bonds that the electrons had to the nuclei of their native atoms, creates radio waves.

When matter and antimatter are reacted together, the energy of the Mass-Energy Equivalence that was holding the like charges of both together against their mutual repulsion is released. The electric charges that comprised the matter and antimatter rearranges themselves into the alternating negative and positive charge pattern of empty space. The energy that once held the like charges of both together, against their mutual repulsion, is released. What energy always ultimately does is to overcome the basic rules of the electric charges. The released energy now goes to overcoming the attractive forces between opposite charges in space. That is why the energy that once held the masses of matter and antimatter together is released as a burst of electromagnetic radiation.

The difference between the electron orbitals in atoms and the orbits of moons and planets involves the space between the two.

There is one obvious difference between the orbits of a Solar System and the electron orbitals inside atoms. The gravity that governs orbits in the Solar System is solely an attractive force. But the electrical forces within atoms include both the attraction of the negatively-charged electrons to the positively-charged nucleus, and the electrons' mutual repulsion of each other.

The mutual repulsion of electrons in an atom bring about rules of their orbitals, nothing like of which applies to the orbits of a Solar System. Electrons orbit in shells that are governed by their mutual repulsion. The shells are numbered 1,2,3... The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by the formula 2 (N squared). N is the number of the orbital.

The maximum number of electrons in the first orbital is thus 2 x 1 squared. Since 1 squared = 1, that means the maximum number of electrons in the first orbital is 2.

The maximum number of electrons in the second orbital is 2 x 2 squared, which equals 8.

The maximum number of electrons in the third shell of any atom is 2 x 3 squared, which equals 18.

The maximum number of electrons in the fourth orbital of any atom is 2 x 4 squared, which equals 32.

The formula for the maximum number of electrons in an electron orbital shell stops here. There can be more than four electron shells but the maximum number of electrons in any shell of any atom is 32.

The reason that the formula is 2N is that the 2 is because electrons exist in pairs, each with a spin that is opposite to the other. There are two possible spins for an electron, "up" and "down". There may be unpaired electrons and in some materials the orbitals of unpaired electrons can be aligned so that the material exerts an electromotive force. Materials with the orbitals of their unpaired electrons aligned are known as magnets. The square in the formula of 2N squared is because energy in space is governed by the Inverse Square Law.

That is one major difference between the orbitals of electrons in atoms and the orbits of planets and moons in a Solar System, the organization of electrons into orbital shells, but it is not the difference that I am referring to today.

In astronomical orbits, distance is always equivalent to energy. If we give a satellite in orbit more orbital energy, it will not move faster in the orbit it is in. Rather, it will climb to a higher orbit.

The formula is squared. If we give an object in orbit three times the orbital energy, it will climb to 9 times the altitude but will move at one-third the speed.

But the difference that I find so significant is that, with the orbitals of electrons inside the atom, it is the opposite.

The Periodic Table of the Elements is arranged according to the number of electron shells of each element, and the number of electrons in the outermost shell. The table is arranged like a calendar, with the same number of electron shells in all elements in the same row, and the same number of electrons in the outermost shell in each column.

As we go rightward across a row on the table the elements get successively heavier, with one additional proton and electron with each space in the table. This means that there is more electrical force between nucleus and electrons, because with each successively heavier element there is one more negatively-charged electron in an orbital and one more positively-charged proton in the nucleus.

Since negative and positive charges mutually attract, this means more orbital energy. If the same rules applied as in astronomical orbits, the atoms should get larger as we move rightward across a row on the Periodic Table, but instead the atoms actually get smaller in diameter, more massive and compact but smaller in diameter.

I can remember when this used to really puzzle me. It makes sense that atoms should get more compact as we move rightward across a row of the Periodic Table, because there is one additional proton and electron with each successive atom and thus the atom gets more compact, and smaller in diameter, at least until we add another electron shell.

But yet it also makes sense the way additional orbital energy in an astronomical orbit results in a higher, rather than a more compact, orbit. We can see that, if two objects fall to earth, the one that was higher will impact the ground with more energy. This shows that orbital energy is stored as distance in space, the altitude of the orbit.

The question is why, when the orbitals of electrons in atoms are so similar to the orbits of moons and planets in space, the way that additional orbital energy is stored is opposite. Atoms get smaller in diameter, more compact at least until an additional electron shell is added, while astronomical orbits get higher when additional energy is added.

There is actually a simple answer but it requires accepting the premise of my cosmology theory that empty space is composed of an alternating checkerboard of nearly-infinitesimal negative and positive electric charges, in multiple dimensions. An alternating pattern of negative and positive charges is the lowest energy state, because of the basic rules that opposite charges attract while like charges repel.

Energy can rearrange this alternating arrangement of negative and positive charges. In fact, energy ultimately always overcomes the basic rules of the electric charges.

We saw how the particles comprising matter, such as electrons, are concentrations of like charges, held together against their mutual repulsion by energy. This energy is why matter has mass and is referred to as the Mass-Energy Equivalence. This energy is totally released during a matter-antimatter reaction and partially released during a nuclear reaction.

If energy is thus released from matter it will go from overcoming the mutual repulsion of the like charges comprising the matter to overcoming the attractive force between opposite charges in empty space. This is how electromagnetic waves are produced.

This explains why the addition of orbital energy in atoms and at an astronomical level obeys opposite rules.

Space, as described in my cosmology theory, is composed of an alternating checkerboard of opposite electric charges, in multiple dimensions. Energy is stored by overcoming the basic rules of these charges, that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. It is the presence of charged particles that so distorts the usual alternating checkerboard of opposite charges in space.

The electric charges in atoms, other than ions that have gained or lost electrons, ordinarily balance out to zero. This means that, in our scenario of astronomical orbits, net electric charge is not a factor. The electric charges in the earth, the moon and, the planets, all balance out to zero.

But within the atom, that is not the case. The electrons in orbitals have a negative charge, and the protons in the nucleus a positive charge. The space between them is composed of alternating negative and positive charges.

The difference between the astronomical orbits and the electron orbitals is that, within the atom, the charged particles distort the alternating pattern of the charges in the space between the nucleus and the electrons in orbitals. The electrons pull positive charges of space toward them, pushing negative charges away, while the protons in the nucleus do the opposite.

Adding another proton and electron, in successively heavier atoms, distorts the checkerboard structure of charges in the atom until an equilibrium is reached, the repulsion between like charges now dominating the electric charges of the space within the atom, until it balances the electrical attraction between the electrons and protons within the atom.

With astronomical orbits, because the electric charges balance out to zero, this is not possible and the only way to store orbital energy is the altitude of the orbit.

This proves, as stipulated in my cosmology theory, that space must be composed of alternating electric charges.

The cosmology theory is more briefly described in the posting on this blog,"In Cosmology, Everything Just Fell Right Into Place", May 2019.

Recent News

COMET NEOWISE

If you are awake before sunrise there is a brilliant light in the eastern sky. I saw it but thought it was Venus. It is actually a comet, called Neowise. It will not pass close to the earth again for more than six thousand years. I remember seeing the comet Hale-Bopp in 1997.

"The Configuration Of The Solar System Made Really Simple", March 2017, explains the mystery of why the orbits of comets are so extremely eccentric.

We know that the sun is a second-generation star because it contains heavy elements that are beyond it's current stage in the fusion process. The sun and Solar System originated with a large star that exploded as a supernova, and some of it's component matter fell back together by gravity to form the Solar System.

A supernova is a star exploding from it's center, due to changes in the equilibrium of the star as it moves through the successive stages of the fusion process. But it can also undergo a lesser explosion in an effort to regain it's equilibrium as the energy released by the fusion process increases as successively heavier elements are fused together in the star's core. This is a nova that blasts off the star's outer layers, as opposed to the star exploding from the center as a supernova.

I am certain that the massive star that preceded the sun underwent at least one nova before exploding as a supernova. More likely it underwent three. A nova would have blasted into space the lighter elements in the outer layers of the star. It was from these lighter atoms that comets formed.

The comets thus formed would have been in orbit around the still-massive star. The energy of an orbit is the area of space enclosed by it. When the star exploded as a supernova the much-smaller sun formed from some of the matter which fell back together by gravity.

But the comets couldn't have had the same orbital energy as before, simply because the sun was much smaller than the star it had replaced. The orbits of those comets would have to somehow "shrink", but yet the original information of their orbits around the star that had preceded the sun couldn't just be lost.

That explains why the orbits of comets are so eccentric and elongated today.

DONALD TRUMP AS KING

Don't forget why Donald Trump, and U.S. Republic presidents in general, do not think it necessary to adhere to rules that the president of a democracy would usually have to follow.

The compound posting on this blog, "America And The Modern World Explained By Way Of Paris", December 2015, was written well before Donald Trump took office. It explains how America's Republicans are actually the continuation of the Bourbon Dynasty of France.

This dynasty was America's first ally, helped it gain independence, and was the first to give America diplomatic recognition. But then the Bourbon Dynasty was overthrown and guillotined in the French Revolution, although it was temporarily restored after the time of Napoleon.

America's Republicans became the heirs of this dynasty. This is why Donald Trump acts like a king, rather than a president. That confirms what we saw in the posting.

A king doesn't have to answer to ordinary mortals if he wants to pardon his friend from justice. The critical book by Donald Trump's niece fits this royal scenario also. She would represent a cadet, and possibly rival, branch of the royal family.

GREETINGS TO TORONTO READERS

I would really like to spend a nice day having a look around Toronto. But, of course, I can't. That does not change that neither the border nor this ridiculous virus can stop my thoughts from being with my Toronto readers.

The Number Of Stars In The Universe

Here is something to think about. There are a certain number of stars in the universe. Although we do not know the exact number that number is information, and information must come from somewhere. Why are there as many stars in the universe as there are?

My theory of "The Lowest Information Point", December 2017, offers an answer. Although we cannot tell the actual number of stars, we can see where the number comes from.

The theory is based on the idea that energy and information is really the same thing. We cannot add information to anything without applying energy to it, and we cannot apply energy to anything without adding information to it.

Another way we can see that energy and information is really the same thing is in how we can make our lives physically easier by using technology, but only at the expense of making them more complex. We can never, on a large scale, make our lives physically easier and also less complex.

We know that the universe always seeks the lowest energy state. An object will fall to the ground because that requires less energy than holding it in the air. Matter collecting by gravity in space will form a sphere because a sphere is the three- dimensional geometric form with the lowest energy.

So then if the universe always seeks the lowest energy state, and energy and information is really the same thing, then the universe should also seek the "Lowest Information State", hence the name of the theory.

The lowest information state would mean reusing numbers. It would also mean preferring a square over a rectangle, a square requiring less information because it's two dimensions are equal. This can mean a square in pattern, and not necessarily an actual geometric square.

Another example of the Lowest Information Point is related ratios.

Suppose that we have two sets of related ratios as follows,

A / B = B / C and

A/ B = C/ D

The universe should prefer the first set of related ratios. It contains only three pieces of information whereas the second set contains four. The first set only contains three pieces of information because the numerator of one ratio, B, is also the denominator of the other ratio. Such reuse of numbers makes it possible for the universe to reach the lowest information point.

There is a section of "The Lowest Information Point", December 2017, titled 1) THE BIAS TOWARD DUST. According to my cosmology theory, "The Theory Of Stationary Space", everything in the universe, both space and matter, is composed of nearly-infinitesimal electric charges. Planck's Length is a nearly-infinitesimal distance that shows up in all manner of physics formulas, and the reason is that it is the size of one of these electric charges.

Then we have an idea of the scale of the entire universe.

The reason that so much of the matter in the universe is in the form of dust, at least the heavier elements that have been through the fusion process in stars, that there is a "bias toward dust", is explained by "The Lowest Information Point". It is that the typical scale of a speck of dust is exactly halfway between the nearly-infinite scale of the entire universe and the nearly-infinitesimal scale of it's component electric charges.

Such reuse of information is how the universe achieves the "Lowest Information Point".

So we see this clear relationship between the entire universe, the electric charges composing it, and the dust that is the form of so much of it's heavier matter. But what else might we be able to discern from it? There is a finite number of stars in that universe, but whatever that number is it is information, and information must come from somewhere, and the universe always seeks the "Lowest Information Point".

Googling the number of stars in the universe gives us a figure of a billion trillion. This number would be written as a 1 followed by 21 zeros. There are higher estimates that I have seen but this is the generally accepted figure, not counting red and brown dwarfs as stars.

Students of chemistry may notice how close this is, relatively speaking, to Avogadro's Number, which is 6.02 followed by 23 zeros. In fact, our figure for the approximate number of stars is just about a six hundredth of Avogadro's Number.

Avogadro's Number is the number of atoms or molecules in an object, relative to it's mass in grams.

The atomic mass of iron is 56, meaning that there are 56 nucleons, protons and neutrons, in an atom of iron.

So, if we get a piece of iron with a mass of 56 grams, it will contain Avogadro's Number of atoms.

The atomic mass, sometimes called the atomic weight, of an element is always the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Electrons have an equal, but opposite, electric charge to the proton but have so little mass that they don't count. We can also use molecular mass, meaning the total number of nucleons in a molecule.

A gram is about the mass of a paper clip. Avogadro's Number is an arbitrary unit based on a gram. If the gram was different then Avogadro's Number would be different.

The dust of which so much of the matter in the universe is composed, because of "The Bias Toward Dust", consists of many different elements which have different masses. We know that the component elements of dust must be heavier than the two lightest elements, hydrogen and helium, which were the original atoms of the universe before fusion in stars. We also know that, as a rule, lighter elements tend to be more abundant than heavier elements.

Suppose that the average mass of an atom in the dust of the universe is that of oxygen, with an atomic mass of 16. Remember that we should expect a mote of dust in the universe as a whole to be heavier than one on earth because dust in the universe, mostly debris from exploding stars that hasn't yet condensed by gravity into new stars, will tend to contain much more metal than dust on earth.

If Avogadro's Number is six hundred times the number of stars in the universe, and we divide that by sixteen, that means that if the average bit of dust in the universe had a mass of about 2/75 gram, it would mean that there is about the same number of stars in the universe as there is atoms in a typical speck of dust toward which the matter of the universe is biased and of which so much of the heavier matter of the universe is composed.

This would make perfect sense and would be an ideal example of the principle of "The Lowest Information Point". There is a bias toward dust because the scale of a typical mote of dust is exactly halfway between the scale of the universe itself and the scale of the nearly-infinitesimal electric charges of which the universe is composed. Then there is about the same number of atoms in one of these specks of dust as there is stars in the universe.

Energy And Information In Water And Planetary Impacts

There have been a lot of investigations on this blog recently but science is what I really enjoy writing about.

A fundamental principle of my information theory, detailed in the compound posting on this blog "The Theory Of Complexity", August 2017, is that energy and information is really the same thing. We can see all around us how energy and information always end up being equivalent.

Let's look at two examples today, water and planetary impacts.

We can immediately see that energy and information is really the same thing because we cannot add information to anything without applying energy to it, and we cannot apply energy to anything without adding information to it.

Another way we can see that energy and information is really the same thing is in how we can make our lives physically easier, by using technology, but only at the expense of making them more complex. We can never, on a large scale, make our lives physically easier and also less complex.

ENERGY AND INFORMATION IN WATER

Distance in space is information. Since energy and information is really the same thing then distance must also be energy. This is why it requires energy to move an object from one place to another.

If distance is energy then the surface area of an object must also be energy. We know that the universe always seeks the lowest energy state. That is why the sphere is the default gravitational form of matter in the universe, such as for planets and stars. A sphere has the lowest surface area per volume of any three-dimensional geometric form. Since distance, and thus surface area, is energy, this makes the sphere the lowest energy state.

If we heat water, the heat is energy. The water will expand in volume, increasing it's surface area because surface area is equivalent to energy and information.

If the heated water is within colder water, the heated water will rise. This is because altitude is also energy, which shouldn't be surprising because altitude is distance. We can easily see how altitude is energy in that an object falls with greater force when it falls from a higher altitude. Also, if we give more orbital energy to a satellite then it will orbit at a higher altitude.

If we heat water to the boiling point it will expand in volume by a few percent. But more of the water will evaporate as it is heated. These water molecules in the air have the effect of greatly increasing the surface area of the water, because surface area is equivalent to energy.

Water evaporates from it's surface. But when the water reaches a certain temperature, related to the atmospheric pressure on the water, evaporation begins to take place throughout the volume of the water. This condition is known as boiling.

The bubbling within the water as it is boiling effectively increases the surface area of the water, because the heat that brings about boiling is energy and surface area is equivalent to energy. The surface of the water loses it's smoothness as the boiling point is approached and that also increases the surface area of the water.

The water molecules leaving the water because of the heat energy increases the surface area of the water, because surface area is equivalent to energy. But the molecules rise into the air, and altitude is also energy. This represents too much energy. But when water molecules condense together to form steam, this has the effect of decreasing the overall surface area of the water, bringing it back into line with the actual heat energy, even though the total surface area, including the steam droplets, is more than the surface area of the water before it was heated.

The formation of steam thus serves to maintain the equivalence of surface area and energy, because the altitude of the water molecules that left by evaporation is energy too.

Wind contains energy. Wind across water produces waves. The waves increase the surface area of the water to reflect the energy of the wind, because surface area represents energy.

Water evaporates because water is actually lighter than air by molecule, although it takes energy to break the hydrogen bonds in water. But upon reaching a certain altitude, with thinner and cooler air, water molecules condense together, upon a suitable condensation nuclei such as dust. When these droplets, which form clouds, condense together it means a loss of surface area.

Since surface area is energy, this must mean a loss of energy. But energy cannot just be lost, it shows up in the altitude energy of the now- much heavier than air large water droplets, and then the energy of their impact on the ground when they fall as rain.

ENERGY AND INFORMATION IN PLANETARY IMPACTS

The reason that impacts are still going on in the Solar System is explained by my information theory.

The Solar System formed, maybe four and a half billion years ago, when a massive star that preceded the sun exploded as a supernova. Only the largest stars can explode as a supernova. Much of the matter fell back together by gravity to form the sun and planets. We know that the sun is such a second-generation star because it contains heavy elements that are beyond it's current stage in the fusion process.

Each planet has it's own orbit. The planets do not collide for the simple reason that, if they were going to collide they wouldn't have formed separately in the first place.

But while planets themselves do not collide, there is still plenty of consolidation going on in the Solar System by gravity.

For each object in orbit around the sun, such as a planet or asteroid, there is it's orbital energy and the information of it's position. To understand why impacts take place during the ongoing consolidation of the Solar System, we must understand that we cannot keep the same orbital energy when the information of position in the Solar System is reduced by consolidation.

The reason for that, of course, is that energy and information is really the same thing.

Orbital energy is based on distance from the sun. The higher the orbit the higher the energy. If a meteor or asteroid, from a higher orbit, collides with the earth, so that it becomes part of the earth, the difference in the energy of it's former higher orbit shows up as the energy of the impact.

Another way of looking at it is that if the meteor or asteroid joins the earth so that the two now share information of position, that means less total information. Since energy and information is really the same thing then it must also mean less energy. But neither energy nor information can just disappear, it must go somewhere. The energy of the impact of the meteor or asteroid with the earth is where the excess energy went. The change to the earth's surface by the asteroid impact is where the latent information went.

This is, of course, because energy and information is really the same thing.  Distance is information and we know that a higher orbit is a higher energy orbit. This means that orbital energy and information of position is really the same thing. My information theory explains why distance is information. A higher number is no more complex, holds no more information, than a lower number. The complexity of a number, it's information level, is the value of the denominator when the number is expressed as a fraction or ratio.

9 is no more complex than 4 because 9 is really 9 / 1 and 4 is really 4 / 1.

But a ratio like 1 / 5 means that there are five possibilities and there must be information as to why one or more are included but the others are not.

Thus there is a complexity level of 5.

Distance is thus information because there are more possibilities of where something of a given size could be located within the distance, and the information of the entire distance would be necessary to specify where that location was.

A heavier impact by the meteor or asteroid on earth would involve more energy, but that means more information because energy and information is really the same thing. The greater information of the impact lies in the greater number of atoms and molecules that were displaced over a greater distance from their original positions.

This can only mean that energy and information is the same thing.

The Latest Developments

NAVIGATION BY TELEPHONE POLES AND TRAFFIC LIGHTS

We have gotten really dependent on GPS. But remember that it can be vulnerable to something like a solar storm. Satellites can also be shot down.

There is a low-tech potential complement to the GPS system right in front of us.

Wherever people settle there will be telephone poles, spaced roughly evenly. We often express driving directions in terms of traffic lights.

Why not just attach a visible number to every traffic light and telephone pole? Location can then be easily expressed or determined by the nearest number. The information for the entire world could easily be stored on an app or added to Google Maps.

This would be so simple and convenient. There are distance markers on highways, why couldn't we do this?

Remember that one reason for the awkwardness of the GPS system is that we count by tens but the angular measurement is done by a base twelve system. We saw this in "The Queen Of Numbers", on the Progress Blog, www.markmeekprogress.blogspot.com .

SPACE JUNK AND RADIO RECEPTION

One thing that should get more attention is the connection between space junk and radio reception.

Much has been written about "space junk", the mostly metallic debris that is leftover since the beginning of the Space Age. The fragments orbit the earth at high speed and endanger space vehicles and satellites.

Trying to clean up space junk risks making it worse because it would be better to have one large piece, that can be more easily tracked and avoided, than to have it break into smaller pieces.

But there is a plus side to space junk. It should improve radio reception over long distances.

The earth's ionosphere reflects waves of longer wavelength. The longest waves, meaning the lowest frequency, can use the ionosphere as a waveguide. But shorter waves, particularly television and higher-fidelity radio waves, pass right through the ionosphere, which are layers of charged particles in earth's upper atmosphere.

That is where communication and broadcast satellites come in, receiving and retransmitting signals that would otherwise not be received because of the curvature of the earth.

But each bit of space junk is, in effect, a micro-satellite. The average altitude of space junk is about twice as high as the ionosphere. Space junk should shorten the wavelength threshold of the signals that are reflected back to earth and possibly lengthen the surface distance that waves that are not reflected can be received.

In fact, the increase in radio reception can be used as an index of the dangers of space junk, as more smaller pieces, as opposed to fewer larger pieces, will not only improve radio reception at a distance more but will also be more perilous to satellites and spacecraft.

WORD DEVELOPMENT

A quick look at an old book or document shows how words change over time. We can see how modern technology and signage is accelerating the changes in our time.

Aside from abbreviations,

Night is becoming Nite.

Through is becoming Thru.

You is becoming U.

Want To Be is becoming Wannabe.

For is also being expressed as 4.

THE RETURN OF HIEROGLYPHICS

We saw in "The Center Of The World", on the World And Economics Blog, www.markmeekeconomics.blogspot.com how important Egypt has been to human history. The ancient Egyptians used a system of writing based on pictures, known as hieroglyphics.

But the development of alphabets, first by the Phoenicians and then the Greeks, and Oriental writing with characters, hieroglyphics fell out of favor.

But then along came modern technology, and with it global travel and communications, and now hieroglyphics is making a major comeback.

On highway signs across the world, a knife and fork with a plate is the symbol for dining and food. A person sleeping is the symbol for accommodation. A fuel pump is the symbol of a filling station. Male and female figures are the symbols of washrooms.

The use of hieroglyphics will only increase. Other methods of writing have the advantage of being easier when writing is difficult and time-consuming. But that ceases to be the case with modern graphics technology.

The great advantage of hieroglyphics is that it requires little or no translation for people speaking different languages, and in our globalised world that makes all the difference.

Remember that we saw the real meaning of Egypt's pyramids in "The Underground Orion Correlation Theory", March 2016 on this blog.