The Block Model Of Electric Charges

I have been writing lately about the Second Cosmology Theory, The Theory Of Infinite Dimensions, April 2026. But this is about the First Cosmology Theory, The Theory Of Stationary Space. There is an abbreviated version of the first theory in the posting "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams", January 2024.

This is about links between the entries in "Cosmology Theory In Diagrams".

In this cosmology theory everything in the universe, both space and matter, is composed of electric charges. There are two opposite electric charges, which we call negative and positive. The basic rules of electric charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel.

I see electric charges as oblong bits of information. The lowest information state, which the universe always prefers, would be for the long side to be twice the length of the short side. The difference between negative and positive charges are how they are aligned, relative to each other. 

Electric charges are near-infinitesimal in scale. A near-infinitesimal length, called Planck's Length, shows up in many physics formula. That is because it is the length of these charges. The following diagram shows a positive charge in blue and a negative charge in red.

In my cosmology theory, space is made up of an alternating checkerboard of negative and positive charges. Electric charges can be modeled as blocks. The following image, from Google Street View, shows how negative and positive charges form empty space. 

Opposite electric charges intersect at right angles. This is why the dimensions of space form right angles. We can see that the dimensions of space form right angles by boxes or property lots. Right-angled forms are the only ones that fit together with no leftover space.

Since the two electric charges are aligned in perpendicular directions, dimensions of space must come in pairs. The image above is a model of two dimensions of space. A single dimension of space is ordinarily not possible. This is why, in the cosmology theory, matter began with a two-dimensional sheet of space within, but not contiguous with, four dimensions of background space.

If dimensions of space must come in pairs then our apparently three-dimensional space doesn't make any sense. There must be another dimension that we cannot see. My cosmology theory defines it as what we perceive as time.

Energy can, to some extent, overcome the basic rules of electric charges. When energy overcomes the repulsive force between like charges we get matter. When energy overcomes the attractive force between opposite charges we get electromagnetic radiation. The negative and positive charges comprising space ordinarily balance out to zero. Electromagnetic radiation is so-called because it disturbs the underlying balance.

The above image of the blocks shows why electromagnetic radiation consists of two-dimensional waves. It is because dimensions of space must come in pairs. We can tell that electromagnetic radiation consists of two-dimensional waves because light exerts force on electrons. If we increase the frequency of the light, it will push more electrons but not with any more force. If we increase the amplitude of the light it will push the electrons with more force but will not push any more electrons.

If energy overcomes the repulsive force between like charges we get matter. The following image, from Google Street View, shows how like electric charges are arranged in matter. The mortar represents the energy that is holding the charges together, against their mutual repulsion. All of the charges are the same, whether negative or positive, which is why they are aligned in the same direction. This is why the fundamental particles of matter, such as electrons, have an electric charge.

The energy that is holding the like charges together, against their mutual repulsion, is actually what gives matter it's mass. It is known that a certain amount of mass is equivalent to a certain amount of energy. We refer to this as the Mass-Energy Equivalence. In nuclear and matter-antimatter reactions, mass is converted into energy. Einstein's famous formula, E = MC squared describes the conversion between mass and energy.

This is why matter, in my cosmology theory, consists of strings. Because, unlike space, all of the electric charges in a charged particle of matter are aligned in the same direction, as shown by the dashed line in the top diagram. We perceive matter as consisting of particles, such as electrons, because we can only see in three of the four dimensions involved. The other dimension is what we perceive as time.

Each brick, in both space and matter, is in contact with six other bricks. Each block image above represents two dimensions of electric charges. In space, the image of the gray blocks, each brick is in contact with two bricks that are aligned in the same direction and four that are aligned in a perpendicular direction. This is why there are two opposite directions in each spatial dimension. We might refer to these opposite directions, in our three dimensions, as left and right, backward and forward, and up and down.

In matter, the above image of the red bricks, each brick is in contact with six other bricks that are all aligned in the same direction. This means that, unlike in space, there are three opposite directions actually within the particles of matter.

In the cosmology theory I explained the three opposite directions per dimension inside particles as resulting from an unbalancing of the basic rules of electric charges, as the energy overcoming the repulsive force between like charges to create matter, causes a higher information state that manifests as the third opposite direction. But this block model is another way of looking at it.

This is why so much about matter revolves around threes and thirds. 

Three quarks make up a hadron, a proton or neutron that forms the nucleus of an atom. There are three generations of quarks, although only the first generation is of vital importance to the ordinary matter of the universe. Electric charges in the first generation of quarks are in thirds. An up quark has an electric charge of + 2/3 and a down quark has a charge of - 1/3. Two up quarks and a down quark make up a proton, with an electric charge of +1. Two down quarks and an up quark make up a neutron, with an electric charge of zero.

In Chromodynamics, which describes how quarks operate, quarks come in three symbolic "colors".

The threes continue with leptons, which is the class of particles that electrons belong to. There are three generations of electrons although, as with quarks, only the first generation is important to ordinary matter. There are also three generations of neutrinos. The difference in generations between quarks and leptons is mass, but not electric charge. The first generation of leptons is the lightest, while the third is the heaviest.

Having three opposite directions per dimension also, like two opposite directions, is viable because it leaves no leftover space. Our usual two opposite directions forms a square in two dimensions but three opposite directions would form a honeycomb. Image from the Wikipedia article by that name.